Download Twelve invertebrate and eight fish species new to the marine fauna

HELGOLANDER MEERESUNTERSUCHUNGEN
Helgolander Meeresunters. 52, 197-207 (1998)
Twelve invertebrate and eight fish species new
to the marine fauna of Madeira, and a discussion
of the zoogeography of the area
Peter Wirtz
Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e Geologicas, Universidade da Madeira,
Largo do Colegio, P - 9000 Funchal, Portugal, Madeira
ABSTRACT: The benthic ctenophore Vallicula multiformis, a large undescribed flatworm species of
the genus Pseudoceros, the prosobranch gastropod Tonna maculosa, the opisthobranch gastropods
Placida cf. dendritica, Caloria elegans, Aeolidiella sanguinea, Janolus cristatus, the decapod Balssia
gasti, the sea urchin Schizaster canaliferus and the tunicates Clavelina lepadiformis, Clavelina dellavallei and Pycnoclavella taureanensis are recorded from Madeira for the first time. This is the first
record of a platyctenid ctenophore in the eastern Atlantic. The teleost fishes Pomatoschistus
pictus,
Vaneaugobius canariensis, Chromogobius sp., Nerophis ophidion, Hippocampus
hippocampus,
Acanthocybium
solandri, Sphyraena viridensis and Sphyraena barracuda are recorded from Madeira for the first time. The presence of the sea-hare Aplysia dactylomela at Madeira is confirmed;
the species has increased tremendously in abundance in the last four years. The crocodile fish Grammoplites gruveii can occasionally be found in the mantle cavity of cuttlefish {Sepia officinalis) sold
at the fish market of Funchal, but does not originate from Madeiran waters. An analysis of 100 new
records from the coastal fauna of Madeira shows that, while predominantly of lusitanian, mediterranean and mauritanian affinity, Madeira's shallow water fauna contains a large component of
tropical species.
INTRODUCTION
During an ongoing survey of the larger marine vertebrates and invertebrates of the
coasts of Madeira (Biscoito & Wirtz, 1994; Wirtz, 1994, 1995a, 1995b; Wittmann & Wirtz,
in press), several species were encountered that apparently had not yet been recorded
from Madeira. Twenty of these are described in this paper. A large number of Hydrozoa,
Nudibranchia and Decapoda, all new for the marine fauna of Madeira and including
several undescribed species, will be treated in separate publications by experts for these
groups.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The survey is performed by SCUBA-diving and therefore limited to a depth range
down to about 60 m. Animals are photographed in the field. When it appears necessary,
specimens are then collected for later identification. In most cases, preserved specimens
are sent to specialists for identification or confirmation of identification (see "Acknowledgements").
Voucher specimens of all species were deposited in the collection of the Museu Mu© Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg
198
P. Wirtz
nicipal (Historia Natural) of Funchal, except for the following: the single specimen of
Aeolidiella sanguinea is in the collection of the Zoology Laboratory of the University of
Oviedo, Spain; Hippocampus hippocampus and Sphyraena vihdensis were documented
by underwater photography (slides deposited in the Museu Municipal of Funchal);
Acanthocybium
solandri was documented by numerous photos of the fish plus the
person having captured it (one such photo was deposited in the Museu Municipal of
Funchal). Apparently, neither photos nor preserved specimens exist, as yet, of Sphyraena
barracuda from Madeiran waters.
RESULTS
Ctenophora Platyctenida
Vallicula multiformis
Rankin, 1956
A creeping ctenophore can commonly b e encountered at night on algae such as
Zonaria tournefortii in depths of 5 to 15 m during the summer months. The species obviously belongs to the genus ValUcula Rankin 1956. Vallicula multiformis is the only
known species in this genus and the specimens from Madeira perfectly correspond to the
description of the species as given by Rankin (1956),
Animals were seen clinging to the tips of the algae only under conditions of (moderate) water movement. V. multiformis probably needs water flow for passive extension of
its tentacles (Emson & Whitfield, 1991). Voucher specimens have been deposited not only
in the Museu Municipal (Historia Natural) in Funchal but also in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum in Leiden and the Natural History Museum in London.
The species has so far only been recorded from the Western Atlantic (Freeman, 1967;
Rankin, 1956; Sterrer, 1986). The finding of V. multiformis in Madeiran waters represents
the first record of a platyctenid ctenophore from the eastern Atlantic.
Plathelminthes Polycladida
Pseudoceros
sp,
A large, colourful, and apparently undescribed flatworm of the genus Pseudoceros
can occasionally be found when turning over stones in a depth range of (at least) 10 to
20 m along the south coast of Madeira. Individuals usually are three to six cm long.
Apparently, no other species in the genus Pseudoceros has the colour pattern of golden
and white lines on a pitchblack body. A colour photo of an individual of this species
collected near Canico, south coast of Madeira, in 12 m depth is given in Wirtz (1995a,
p a g e 69 bottom).
The species also occurs in the Canary Islands: a colour photo of the same species is
given in Perez Sanchez & Moreno Batet (1991, page 101).
Mollusca Gastropoda
Tonna maculosa (Dillwyn, 1810)
A shell of this species, measuring approximately 14 cm in height and 9 cm in diameter, was collected in about 10 m depth in front of Madeira airport. There is a small
Twelve invertebrate and eight fish species new to the marine fauna of Madeira 199
borehole near the tip, otherwise the shell is in perfect condition. WhilQ the finding of a
molluscan shell cannot be definitive proof of the existence of live animals in the area, it
seems unlikely that anybody would have transported the shell to Madeira and then discarded it.
The species lives in the Western Atlantic (Caribbean to Bermuda) and has occasionally been found along the west African coast and in the Canary Islands (Sterrer, 1986;
Poppe & Goto, 1991).
Placida cf. dendritica (Alder & Hancock, 1843)
The species was common on the green alga Codium decortication in about 2-6 m
depth in the shallow and very protected bay of Reis Magos, southeastern coast of
Madeira, beginning of May 1995. Nine weeks later most of the C. decortication had disappeared and no Placida could be found any more. In May and June 1996, the species
was again common on C. decortication at Reis Magos and Sao Pedro, southeastern coast
of Madeira. In May 1996 it was also found to be common on Codium tomentosum at Porto
Novo and in August 1996 on Codium adhaerens at Canigo.
Placida dendritica is a cosmopolitan species living on several species of the green
alga Codium; in the eastern Atlantic it has previously been recorded from Norway to the
Mediterranean (Millen, 1980; Gosliner, 1987; Thompson, 1988; Trowbridge, 1995).
Caloria elegans (Alder & Hancock, 1845)
Large numbers of this species were seen crawling over rocks in about 9 m depth at
Porto da Cruz, north coast of Madeira, end of March and end of April 1996; middle of May,
no more animals were seen in the same area.
Caloria elegans is considered a boreal species (Cattaneo-Vietti et al., 1990) and has
previously been recorded from Great Britain into the Mediterranean (Thompson, 1988).
The colour photo in Wirtz (1995a, page 183) shows an individual from Faial Island,
Azores.
Aeolidiella sanguinea Norman, 1877
A single individual of this species was found when turning over stones at a depth of
9 m at Canical, southeastern coast of Madeira. This is the animal figured in a colour photo
on page 183 in Wirtz (1995a).
Aeolidiella sanguinea is a boreal species, common around the British Isles and previously recorded as far south as the Strait of Gibraltar (Garcia-Gomez et al., 1989). Finding the species at Madeira represents a considerable range extension.
Janolus cristatus (Delle Chiaje, 1841)
Two adult animals of this species were seen close together on a rock in about 9 m
depth at Porto da Cruz, north coast of Madeira, end of April 1996.
The species has previously been recorded from the Mediterranean Sea and from
south Norway to Morocco in the eastern Atlantic (Thompson, 1988; Cattaneo-Vietti et al.,
1990),
Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828
The annulated sea-hare has a circumtropical distribution (Gronow & Hayward, 1991;
Ortea & Martinez, 1991). It has already been recorded from Madeira by Watson (1897).
The only other reference to the presence of this species at Madeira was by Nobre (1937).
P. Wirtz
200
Since then, the species has never again been mentioned from Madeira. During several
hundred dives around the island from 1983 until 1993, the author never encountered this
large sea-hare. Aplysia dactylomela was definitely absent from the area near Ponta Oliveira, south coast of Madeira, during the years 1989 to 1993. The species was first recorded in shallow water (5-10 m depth) near Ponta Oliveira in 1994 and is now common
there. An animal of about 20 cm length was observed spawning in about 4 m water depth
near Reis Magos, south coast of Madeira island on 30 May 1997.
Crustacea Decapoda
Balssia gasti (Balss, 1921)
Balssia gasti is common on the zoantharian Gerardia savaglia, that frequently grows
on Antipathes bushes and on old pieces of Antipathes skeletons on the south coast of
Madeira. When wiping bushes of Gerardia with a small handnet at depths greater than
25 m (but not w h e n searching shallower), this decapod was frequently encountered. Noel
(1992) recognizes two different European species in the genus Balssia-, according to his
key, Madeiran specimens belong to the species B. gasti as they have three large spines
on the cephalothorax. Voucher specimens have been deposited not only in the Museu
Municipal (Historia Natural) at Funchal but also in the Nationaal Naturrhistorisch Museum at Leiden.
Balssia spp. live associated with various anthozoans and sponges in the Mediterranean sea and in the Eastern Atlantic from north-eastern Morocco and the Canary Islands
to Guinea (Zibrowius, 1985; Noel, 1992; Mori et al., 1994; Gonzalez Perez, 1995; Ocana
etal., 1995).
Echinodermata Echinoidea
Schizaster
canaliferus (Lamarck, 1816)
An empty test of Schizaster canaliferus was found in about 12 m depth on sandy
bottom in front of Ponta Santa Caterina, southeastern coast of Madeira in May 1996. The
species has up to now been considered a Mediterranean endemic (Schinner, 1993).
Tunicata Ascidiacea
Clavelina lepadiformis
(Muller, 1776}
Clavelina lepadiformis (in its typical white-rimmed form) can occasionally be found
in the area around Funchal. The species is not at all common. C. lepadiformis has probably been transported to the Azores by boats (Monniot, 1974; Monniot & Monniot, 1983)
where it has subsequently spread (Wirtz & Martins, 1993). C. lepadiformis may also have
been transported to Madeira by boats. The photos of C. lepadiformis in Wirtz (1995a,
p a g e 221) and Wirtz (1996a, p a g e 162/163) are from Azorean animals.
Much more common at Madeira is a tunicate that may be a yellow form of C. lepadiformis (cf, colour photo in Wirtz, 1996a p a g e 162). According to Brunetti (1987), the
yellow pigmentation of C. lepadiformis present in north European seas also exists but is
uncommon in the Mediterranean Sea. I do, however, suspect that the yellow-rimmed
Clavelina of Madeira is a different species, because, unlike C. lepadiformis, these ani-
Twelve invertebrate and eight fish species new to the marine fauna of Madeira 201
mals are restricted to dark places such as cave entrances and overhangs. It is, of course,
also possible, that the yellow form is the indigenous one, while the white form has been
introduced fairly recently.
C. lepadiformis has been recorded from the Mediterranean Sea and in the eastern
Atlantic from western Norway as far south as the Canary Islands (Millar 1966; Perez
Sanchez & Moreno Batet, 1991; Wirtz & Martins, 1993).
Clavelina dellavallei (Zirpolo, 1925)
This species is common from low water spring tide level down to at least 6 m depth
all around Madeira. Photos of Madeiran animals are given in Wirtz (1995a, p a g e 223,
photo by P. Gomes) and in Wirtz (1996a, p a g e 164).
The species has so far been considered a Mediterranean endemic (Brunetti, pers.
comm.) but Templado et al. (1993) have already reported it from the eastern Atlantic just
outside the Strait of Gibraltar.
Pycnoclavella
taureanensis
Brunetti, 1991
This species is very common at Madeira, down to at least 45 m depth. Photos of Madeiran animals are given in Wirtz (1995a, p a g e 221) and in Wirtz (1996a, p a g e 164).
Recently described, the species has so far only been reported from the western Mediterranean.
Osteichthyes Teleostei
Pomatoschistus
pictus (Malm, 1865)
The painted goby is common on the south coasts of Madeira and of Porto Santo,
where it occurs on sandy bottom, frequently close to rock walls, at depths from 10 to at
least 40 m. Photos of Madeiran animals are given in Wirtz (1996b, page 238).
The species has been recorded from the Mediterranean Sea and in the eastern Atlantic from Norway to the Canary Islands (Miller, 1990).
Vaneaugobius
canadensis
Van Tassel, Miller & Brito, 1987
A population of this species was encountered on sandy-muddy bottom in about
10-20 m depth on the eastern side of the bay of Machico, south coast of Madeira. Photos
of Madeiran animals are given in Wirtz (1996b, page 239). Specimens have been deposited in the Museu Municipal (Historia Natural) Funchal and in the Naturkundem u s e u m Stuttgart.
The species has previously been recorded from the Canary Islands and from Guinea
(Miller, 1990).
Chromogobius sp.
This small goby was collected from cracks and crevices in caves in 10-20 m depth at
the south coast of Madeira and from below a stone in 25 m depth at Porto Santo island.
The animals clearly belonged to the genus Chromogobius. P. J. Miller (pers. comm.) informed m e that James van Tassel of the American Museum of Natural History is currently
describing a new species of this genus from the Canary Islands. J. van Tassel kindly sent
me a preliminary version of his manuscript and from this it is evident that the Madeiran
P. Wirtz
202
species is the same as the undescribed Canarian species. Photos of Madeiran animals are
given in Wirtz (1996b, p a g e 239).
The species has so far only been recorded from the Canary Islands (Miller, 1990, as
Chromogobius sp.),
Nerophis ophidion (Linnaeus, 1758)
A single individual of this species was caught in a Cymodocea nodosa meadow in the
western half of the bay of Machico in about 12 m depth in September 1995.
The species has previously been recorded from the Mediterranean Sea and in the
eastern Atlantic from Norway as far south as the Canary Islands (Dawson, 1986; Brito,
1991).
i
Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758)
•<Both European species of seahorses, Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus/ 1758)
and Hippocampus ramulosus Leach, 1814 are common at Madeira, but only H. r&mulosus has so far been noted in the literature. The photo of a Madeiran animal in Wirtz (1994,
page 49) does in fact show H hippocampus and not H, ramulosus, as erroneously stated.
Hippocampus hippocampus has been recorded from the Mediterranean Sea and in
the eastern Atlantic from the Wadden Sea south to the Gulf of Guinea (Dawson, 1986).
Acanthocybium
solandri (Cuvier, 1831)
The Wahoo is occasionally sold at Funchal fish market ("Mercado dos Lavradores").
Enquiring about the origin of these fish, I was told that they came from Madeiran waters.
To check on this, I interviewed the sportsfisherman community and was told the following: Wahoo are not uncommon in late summer; it seems that these fish migrate from
the south with warmer water, as in some years they hardly appear at all, particularly w h e n
the water is unseasonably cold (R. Hayes and M. Henriquez, pers. coram.). Numerous
photos document the capture of this species. Nevertheless, Acanthocybium
solandri has
not yet been recorded from Madeira in the scientific literature and the FAO species
catalogue summarizing our knowledge on the scombrids of the world (Collette & Nauen,
1983) notes the presence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands, but not at the Canary
Islands, where it is of considerable economic importance. The species has recently also
been recorded from the Azores (Azevedo & Heemstra, 1995).
Sphyraena
viridensis (Cuvier, 1829)
The only barracuda reported from Madeiran waters until now is the European Barracuda Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus, 1758), As noted by Ben-Tuvia (1986) and de
Silva (1990) the Striped Barracuda Sphyraena viridensis has in the past frequently been
confused with Sphyraena sphyraena. Brito (1991) already noted that S. sphyraena probably does not occur at the Canary Islands and that all previous records of this species at
the Canaries are probably misidentifications of the very common S. viridensis. This is
apparently also true for the Azores (Wirtz, 1990: unpublished report to the Departamento
de Oceanografia e Pescas of the University of the Azores) and for Madeira: During
several hundred dives at both these archipelagos I have seen and photographed S. viridensis quite frequently, while never encountering S. sphyraena. The specimen reported
as Sphyraena sphyraena in Edwards (1993) was checked and confirmed to b e S. viridensis (Edwards, pers. coram,).
Twelve invertebrate and eight fish species new to the marine fauna of Madeira 203
Sphyraena viridensis is also known from the Mediterranean Sea, but because of past
confusion with S. sphyraena the distribution of this species is insufficiently documented
(de Silva, 1990; Bizsel & Cihangir, 1996).
Sphyraena
barracuda (Walbaum, 1792)
The Greater Barracuda Sphyraena .barracuda has a large distribution in the Atlantic,
the Indian Ocean, and the Pacific (de Silva, 1990). In the eastern Atlantic it is considered
rare and known with certainty only from Senegal to Nigeria (de Silva, 1990). When
interviewing the sportsfisherman community in Funchal harbour (see section on Acanthocybium solandri, above), I was told that, while the Greater Barracuda is extremely
rare, large individuals of this species have been caught near Madeira (R. Hayes and M.
Henriquez, pers. comm.). Unfortunately, there seems to b e no photo to document this.
Grammopktes
gruveli (Pellegrin, 1905)
When buying cuttlefish [Sepia officinalis) at Funchal fish market ("Mercado dos
Lavradores") the author encountered twice, in 1994 and in 1996, an individual of the
crocodile fish Grammoplites gruveli in the mantle cavity of the cuttlefish. The fishermen
selling the cuttlefish had, however, not caught it themselves. They had bought the cuttlefish from a firm that h a d boats catching them in the area of Guinea-Bissao. Thus, G.
gruveli cannot be counted as a Madeiran fish.
The species has so far been recorded from Mauritania to Angola (Knapp, 1990).
DISCUSSION
Each newly recorded species can b e considered a test case for the theories on the zoogeography of the area in question. In recent publications (Wirtz et al., 1988; Abreu, 1991;
Abreu, 1994; Abreu & Biscoito, 1994; Biscoito & Wirtz, 1994; Guerreiro, 1994; Houart &
Abreu, 1994; Stock, 1994; Wirtz, 1994,1995 a, 1995 b; Knight-Jones & Knight-Jones, 1995;
Malaquias, 1996; Nunez et a l , 1995; Nunez & Talavera, 1996; Ortea et al., 1996; Rogers
& Nash, 1996; d'Udekem d'Acoz, 1996; Valdes et al., 1996; Wittmann & Wirtz in press)
and in this one, a total of 134 species has b e e n newly recorded for the shallow water marine fauna of Madeira and the neighbouring island of Porto Santo (several more, apparently undescribed species have b e e n found recently and were sent to specialists for
description). For 30 of these, I was unable to find precise data on their distribution. Four
species found exclusively in or near harbours and thus probably transported by man are
excluded from the following analysis. Table 1 summarizes the known distribution of the
remaining 100 species, using the terminology of Briggs (1974).
The largest part of the species belongs to the area of which Madeira is an integral
part, the Mediterranean-Atlantic region (consisting of the Lusitanian, the Mediterranean
and the Mauritanian province). An additional 9 species have the same distribution but
extend south into west African waters. A strong tropical influence on the marine fauna of
Madeira has been noted previously (Wirtz, 1994, 1995b). The three tropical components
(18%), the intermediate component (9%) and the atlanto-mediterranean component
(24 %) thus form the bulk (51 %) of the recent additions to the Madeiran shallow-water
fauna. With 19 %, a boreal influence (species occurring as far north as Norway, some of
204
P. Wirtz
Table 1. Zoogeographic affinity of 100 animal species recently recorded from the shallow waters
of Madeira
Currently only known from Madeira
Currently only known from Madeira and the Canary Islands
Currently only known from Madeira, the Canary Islands and the Azores
Cosmopolitan
Eastern Atlantic boreal
Lusitanian, Mediterranean and Mauritanian
Lusitanian, Mediterranean, Mauritanian a n d West African
Tropical a) eastern Atlantic
b) amphi-Atlantic
c) circumtropical
Tropical amphi-Atlantic and eastern Atlantic Lusitanian and eastern Atlantic Boreal
7
9
2
11
19
24
9
2
9
7
1
those extending into the western Mediterranean) is also quite strong. Adding to this a
substantial component of cosmopolitan species ( 1 1 % ; but see Knowlton, 1993 and Miya
& Nishida, 1997 on the probability that many so called cosmopolitan species are unrecognized complexes of sibling species), the picture that emerges is that of a multiple
origin of the Madeiran shallow water biota.
Bianchi et al. (in press) have pointed out that tropical species are the dominant
species in two sublittoral communities. They also discussed the possibility of a recent
warming trend influencing and changing the shallow water faunal and floral composition of Madeira. The increase of the abundance of the circumtropical sea-hare
Aplysia dactylomela on the coast of Madeira, which undoubtedly is a recent phenomenon, is another indicator that the shallow water biota of Madeira might be in a phase of
change.
Acknowledgments.
Pedro Gomes from the SCORPIO SCUBA diving base at the Lido do Funchal
showed me an underwater photo of Vallicula multiformis and went diving with me to collect the animals. Ronald Emson (King's College, London) confirmed my identification of Vallicula multiformis.
Alex Rogers (Plymouth Marine Lab, UK) confirmed that the Pseudoceros apparently is an undescribed species. Gonzales Rodriguez (Oviedo University, Spain) a n d Lucas Cervera (Cadiz University,
Spain) identified Aeolidiella sanguinea. Ant6nio Malaquias (Museu Municipal, Historia Natural,
Funchal) provided opistobranch references. Antonio Domingos (Museu Municipal, Historia Natural,
Funchal) confirmed the identification of Tonna maculosa and cautioned on using the finding of shells
for evidence of the distribution of a species. Ricardo Brunetti (Padua University, Italy) identified
Pycnoclavella taureanina and confirmed the identification of Clavelina dellavallei R. Hayes a n d
M. Henriquez helped me with information about the fish species caught by sportsfishermen in Madeiran waters. Silja Swaby (Plymouth) drew my attention to the misidentification of Hippocampus
in my book on the fishes of Madeira. Alasdair Edwards checked the identity of the Madeiran Sphyraena in the Hancock Museum. Manuel Biscoito elucidated the origin of the Grammoplites
gruveli
found at Funchal fish market. Nike Bianchi, Manuel Biscoito, Lucas Cervera and Carla Morri commented on an early draft of the manuscript. Many thanks to all of them.
Twelve invertebrate and eight fish species new to the marine fauna of Madeira 205
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