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Chapter 3 The Biosphere 3.1 Vocabulary • • • • • • • • • Biosphere Species Population Community Ecology Ecosystem Biome Biotic Factor Abiotic Factor Section 1 What is Ecology? Standards: 6A.1 Objectives: • Explain the difference between abiotic factors and biotic factors. • Describe the levels of biological organization. Biosphere • Biosphere – consists of all life on Earth – Earth “Ball of Life” – Includes land, water, and atmosphere Ecology • Ecology – study of the relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environment. – Studying organisms in the field can be difficult too many variables to study. Living & Nonliving Factors • Environmental conditions include biotic and abiotic factors: – Biotic Factors – living organisms (dead or alive) – Abiotic Factors – nonliving parts (physical components such as temperature, air, water, wind, humidity, sun, soil, rain, nutrients) • Organisms depend on biotic & abiotic factors for survival. • Organisms are well adapted to the biotic & abiotic factors in their environment ONLY. Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic Environment Abiotic Review: Biotic or Abiotic Factors? Levels of Organization • Biosphere is too large and complex to study relationships ecologists study smaller levels. • Organism lowest level Least Complex • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biome Most Complex • Biosphere highest level Organism • An individual living thing. Population • Population – group of the same species that share the same geographic location at the same time. – Same species compete for same resources Community • Community – groups of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time. Ecosystem • Ecosystem – community of interacting organisms and the abiotic factors that affect them. – No clear boundaries overlap – Changes in climate, migration, human activity impact stability of ecosystem – Stable Ecosystem = Healthy Homeostasis: • Population of each organism & supply of resources fluctuates at a predictable rate • Constant flow of energy Biome • Biome – group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities. – Examples: rainforest, desert, tundra, freshwater, marine Review: Level of Organization A B D E Biome Biosphere C F Community Ecosystem Organism Population Ecological Methods • Ecologists use 3 methods in their work: 1. Observation 2. Experimentation 3. Modeling 3.2 Vocabulary • • • • • • Autotroph Primary Producer Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Heterotroph Consumer • • • • • • Carnivore Herbivore Scavenger Omnivore Decomposer Detritivore Section 2 Energy, Producers, and Consumers Standards: 3A.2, 6B.1 Objectives: • Identify the ultimate energy source for photosynthetic producers. • Classify organisms as producers, consumers, herbivores, scavengers, omnivores, decomposers, or detritivores. Review • All organisms need ENERGY. • Energy is the ability to do work. • Energy is needed for growth, reproduction, and other metabolic processes. • Organisms do NOT create energy organisms use energy from other sources. • Ultimate source of energy SUN Energy from the Sun • Autotrophs – organisms that collect energy from sunlight (or inorganic substances) to produce food. – Also called PRIMARY PRODUCERS (first producers) – Photosynthesis – captures light energy and uses it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates (sugars and starches) • Used by plants, algae, phytoplankton, some bacteria • Adds oxygen to atmosphere and removes carbon dioxide Energy Without the Sun • Chemosynthesis – chemical energy is used by to produce carbohydrates – Used by bacteria in deep-sea volcanic vents or hot springs Energy from Consuming • Heterotrophs – organisms that get energy by consuming other organisms. – Also called CONSUMERS. – Predator-Prey Relationship – Examples: animals, fungus, bacteria – Different types based on what they eat. – Use sun indirectly Types of Consumers • Herbivores – eat only plants – Examples: cow, rabbit, grasshopper • Carnivores – eat only meat (or animals) – Examples: lion, wolf, cat • Omnivores – eat both plants and animals – Examples: bears, humans • Detritivores – eat dead plants & animals; recycles nutrients; decomposers – Examples: worms, fungus Types of Heterotrophs Herbivores Omnivores Carnivores Insectivores 3.3 Vocabulary • • • • • • • Food Chain Phytoplankton Food Web Zooplankton Trophic Level Ecological Pyramid Biomass Section 3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems Standards: 6B.1 Objectives: • Describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. • Model the flow of energy through an ecosystem by creating a food chain or food web. Energy Flow • The sun’s energy enters Earth’s ecosystems through photosynthetic organisms plants & algae. Tertiary Consumer 3rd Trophic Level Carnivores & Omnivores/ Heterotrophs/Secondary Consumers 2nd Trophic Level Heterotrophs/Primary Consumers/Herbivores 1st Trophic Level Autotrophs/Primary Producers Models of Energy Flow • Diagrams show the direction energy goes between organisms. • Trophic Level – each step in a food chain or food web. • Types of Models: – Food Chain – Food Web – Energy Pyramid Food Chain • Food Chain – series of simple steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating & being eaten. – Aquatic Ecosystems: • Phytoplankton – photosynthetic algae ocean surface • Zooplankton – small free-floating animals Food Web • Most organisms feed on more than one species. • Food Web – network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem – More accurate Food Web Food Web Food Web Food Web Disturbances • If krill population drops, HOW would that affect the sizes of other populations? Decomposers & Primary Producers Decomposers Primary Producers Ecological Pyramids • Ecological Pyramids - shows the relative amount of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. – 90% of energy is utilized by organisms for cellular processes (respiration, movement, growth, etc.) and/or released back into the environment as heat. – 10% of energy is available for the next trophic level. Ecological Pyramids • 3 Types: Energy, Population Size, & Biomass (total mass of living organisms in a trophic level) • Base represents producers and size decreases in higher trophic levels. 3.4 Vocabulary • • • • Biogeochemical Cycle Nutrient Nitrogen Fixation Denitrification Section 4 Cycles of Matter Standards: 3A.2, 6B.1 Objectives: • Describe how nutrients move through the biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem. • Explain the importance of nutrients to living organisms. • Compare the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients. Cycling of Matter • Nutrients – chemical substances needed to live. – Living organisms need specific nutrients to survive. – Organisms composed mostly of 4 elements: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N). • Earth closed system • Matter changes form but neither created nor destroyed recycled in biosphere. • Nutrients found in food, water, rocks, soil, air. Cycling of Matter • Biogeochemical Cycle – exchange of matter through the biosphere. – Elements pass from one organism to another and among parts of the biosphere. – 4 Biogeochemical Cycles 1. Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle) 2. Carbon Cycle 3. Nitrogen Cycle 4. Phosphorus Cycle Water Cycle • Life needs water • Water is found in the atmosphere, Earth’s surface & underground, & in living organisms. – Evaporation – sun’s energy changes liquid gas – Transpiration – evaporation of water from plants – Condensation – cold temps. changes gas liquid – Precipitation – liquid water falls from sky – Respiration –organisms produce water – Elimination – organisms need water to eliminate waste Water Cycle Carbon Cycle • Life needs carbon macromolecules (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids). • Carbon is found in the atmosphere, minerals & rocks, fossil fuels, soil, & aquatic sediments. • Organisms play a major role in recycling: – Photosynthesis – plants take in CO2 sugar – Respiration – organisms break down sugar CO2 – Decomposition – decomposers break down carbon compounds when organisms die CO2 – Digestion - Producers Consumers CO2 – Combustion – burning wood/fossil fuels CO2 – Weathering – bones & shells form rocks CO2 Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle • Life needs nitrogen make proteins & nucleic acids. • Nitrogen is found in the atmosphere (N2), living organisms, soil, & aquatic sediments. • Organisms play a major role in recycling: – Nitrogen-Fixation – nitrogen-fixing bacteria found in soil, plant roots, or aquatic ecosystems convert nitrogen into usable forms for plants such as ammonia or nitrates. – Decomposition – decomposers return nitrogen into soil. – Denitrification – soil bacteria break down nitrogen compounds in soil & release N2 back into atmosphere. Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorus Cycle • Life needs phosphorus DNA & RNA • P does not cycle in atmosphere. P is found in minerals & rocks, soil, & aquatic sediments. • Organisms play a major role in recycling: – Weathering of rocks & sediments releases P – Plants take in P absorb from soil or water – Decomposition – decomposers break down P compounds when organisms die – Digestion - Producers Consumers – P is mined produce fertilizer for crops Phosphorus Cycle