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Topic A2. Wetlands in the IPCC processes
Daniel Murdiyarso and Randy Kolka
Topic A2. Slide 2 of 26
Outline
 Introduction
 IPCC reports
• IPCC Assessment reports
• IPCC Special reports
• IPCC Guidelines
 Wetlands in the IPCC processes
• Evolution of IPCC guidelines
• 1996 Guidelines
• 2000 Good practice guidance
• 2006 Guidelines
• 2013 Supplement on wetlands
 Summary
Topic A2. Slide 3 of 26
Introduction
 Established by WMO and UNEP in 1988
 Open to all member countries of the United
Nations
 Does not conduct research or monitor but
assessment of published literature
 Provide rigorous and balanced scientific
information to decision-makers
 IPCC reports are policy relevant and policy
neutral; they are never policy prescriptive
 Nobel Peace Prize winner in 2007
Topic A2. Slide 4 of 26
IPCC Secretariat
IPCC Plenary
IPCC Bureau
IPCC Executive Committee
Working
Group I
Working
Group II
Working
Group III
The Physical
Science Basis
Climate Change
Impacts,
Adaptation and
Vulnerability
Mitigation of
Climate Change
TSU
TSU
TSU
Task Force
on
National
Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
Authors – Contributors – Reviewers – Review Editors
Peer-reviewed scientific, technical and socioeconomic literature
TSU
Topic A2. Slide 5 of 26
IPCC reports
 Assessment reports (prepared by three
working groups)
 Special reports (prepared by the relevant
working groups)
 Guidelines for national greenhouse gas (GHG)
inventories (prepared by a task force on
national GHG inventories)
Topic A2. Slide 6 of 26
IPCC assessment reports
 First global synthesis, 1990
 Subsequent reports
• Second assessment report (SAR), 1995
• Third assessment report (TAR), 2001
• Fourth assessment report (AR4), 2007
• Fifth assessment report (AR5), 2013/2014
Topic A2. Slide 7 of 26
IPCC assessment report:
Working Group 1: The physical science basis
 Observation of changes in:
• Greenhouse gas concentrations
• Temperature
• Extent of ice sheets
• Sea level rise
 Climate modeling and projections
 Findings and key uncertainties
Topic A2. Slide 8 of 26
IPCC assessments:
Working Group 2: Climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability)
 Observed impacts
 Responding to climate
change
 Adaptive capacity
 Key vulnerability
 Information
considered by sector
and region
Topic A2. Slide 9 of 26
IPCC asessment reports
Working Group 3: Mitigation of climate change
 How to:
• decrease GHG emissions
• increase activities that
remove GHGs from the
atmosphere
 All sectors considered
 Cost/benefit analysis of
mitigation
 Policies, measures and
instruments
Topic A2. Slide 10 of 26
IPCC special reports

Emission scenarios (SRES, 2000)

Land use, land-use change and forestry
(LULUCF, 2000)

Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS,
2005)

(REN, 2008)

(EX, 2012)
Topic A2. Slide 11 of 26
IPCC Guidelines for national GHG inventories
Vol 4. AFOLU
 Consistent methods for countries
to account for:
- GHG emissions
- Changes in carbon stocks
- Changes in land use that result in
changes in GHG emissions and/or
carbon stocks
 For all sectors including:
energy; transport; buildings; industry;
agriculture, forestry, and other landuse (AFOLU); and waste management
Topic A2. Slide 12 of 26
Evolution of IPCC Guidelines
for national GHG inventories
1996 IPCC
Guidelines
2003 IPCC
GPG
LULUCF
2006 IPCC
Guidelines
Topic A2. Slide 13 of 26
1996 IPCC Guidelines

Agriculture and land-use change and
forestry (LUCF) are separate sectors

Focus on the most important activities
resulting in GHG emissions/removals

LUCF (changes in forest & other woody
biomass stocks, forest and grassland
conversion, abandonment of managed
lands, CO2 emissions and removals from
soil)

Agriculture (enteric fermentation, manure
management, rice cultivation, agricultural
soils, prescribed burning of savannas, field
burning of agricultural residues)
Topic A2. Slide 14 of 26
IPCC Good practice guidance





Different methodological tiers (Tier 1, 2 & 3)
Identification of key categories
QA/QC
Documentation, reporting and archiving
Uncertainties
Topic A2. Slide 15 of 26
2006 IPCC Guidelines






Integration of Agriculture and
LUCF/LULUCF sectors into ‘Agriculture
Forestry and Land Use’ (AFOLU) to
remove inconsistencies and double
counting
Retained the basic structure of GPGLULUCF
Managed land as a proxy for
anthropogenic emissions
Inclusion and consolidation of several
previously optional categories (e.g. N2O
emissions from peatlands, carbon stocks
in settlements)
Guidance on Harvested Wood Products
Refinement of methods and improved
defaults
Topic A2. Slide 16 of 26
Greenhouse gas inventory:
Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU)
Forest land
Cropland
Grassland
• All woody vegetation according
to national definitions
• Crops including rice and
agroforestry not included
above
• All rangelands and pastures
not included above
Settlements
Wetlands
• Wetlands not included above
(peat use and flooded lands)
Other Lands
• Includes bare soil, rock, ice and
lands not included above
Topic A2. Slide 17 of 26
Developing emission factors
Stock-change
Flux-difference
approach
Topic A2. Slide 18 of 26
Tracking activity data and changes from land-use change
Forest Land (unmanaged)
12
43
Forest Land (managed, peat bog)
43
6
Forest land (Mangrove)
6
61
Forest Land (managed, plantation)
10
1
61
17
Grassland
1
29
29
Cropland
1
1
29
1
Wetlands
3
5
Settlements
Final Area
Other Land
Settlements
Wetlands
Cropland
Grassland
Forest Land (managed,
plantation)
Forest land (Mangrove)
12
Forest Land (managed, rain forest)
Final Land Areas
Forest Land (managed,
peat bog)
Forest Land (managed, rain
forest)
Forest Land
(unmanaged)
Initial Land Areas
1
1
5
2
4
Other Land
Initial area
2
12
55
8
61
18
29
2
5
2
2
Net change
0
-12
-2
0
11
0
1
0
2
0
2
Topic A2. Slide 19 of 26
Three hierarchical methodological tiers
IPCC Guidelines mentioned three possible levels of complexity of approaches
These have been formalized under three methodological tiers (Tier 1, 2 & 3) under
GPG-LULUCF and 2006 Guidelines that have included progressively detailed
methods for them.
Tier 1: A simple first order approach that uses spatially coarse default data
based on globally available data characterized by large uncertainties and
sometimes with methods involving several simplifying assumptions;
Tier 2: A more accurate approach substituting country or region specific
values for the general defaults and more disaggregated activity data
characterized by relatively smaller uncertainties;
Tier 3: Higher order methods involving detailed modeling and/or inventory
measurement systems driven by data at a greater resolution that provide
estimates with lower uncertainties than the previous two methods.
Topic A2. Slide 20 of 26
ha/y
x
ton/ha
=
ton/y
Topic A2. Slide 21 of 26
Wetlands in 2006 IPCC
Guidelines

Wetlands include any land that is covered or
saturated by water for all or part of the year

Guidance is restricted to managed wetlands or
wetlands created through human activity

Emissions from unmanaged ecosystems such as
natural wetlands, rivers and lakes are not
reported

The guidance is spread across different land uses
(organic soils)
Topic A2. Slide 22 of 26
Wetlands in 2006 IPCC Guidelines
Topic A2. Slide 23 of 26
2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands
1.
Introduction
2.
Drained inland organic soils
3.
Rewetted organic soils
4.
Coastal wetlands
5.
Inland wetland organic soils
6.
Constructed wetlands for wastewater
treatment
7.
Cross-cutting issues and reporting
http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/home/wetlands.html
Topic A2. Slide 24 of 26
Summary
 Methodologies to estimate greenhouse gas
emissions from wetlands have gone through
various processes and improvements
 The needs for capacity building and research on
tropical wetlands are huge, especially in relation
to Chapters 2, 3 and 4
 Estimating emission factors and tallying activity
data in a systematic way is key to reducing
uncertainties
 Science plays a key role in generating knowledge
and improving methodologies
Topic A2. Slide 25 of 26
References
IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]. 2003. Good practice guidance for
land-use, land-use change and forestry. Hayama, Japan: IGES.
IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]. 2006. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for
national greenhouse gas inventories. In Eggleston HS, Buendia L, Miwa K, Ngara T
and Tanabe K. (eds). Hayama, Japan: IGES.
IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]. 2013. 2013 Supplement to the 2006
IPCC guideline for national greenhouse gas inventories: Wetlands. Hayama,
Japan: IGES.
The Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP) is a collaborative effort by CIFOR, the USDA Forest Service, and the
Oregon State University with support from USAID.
How to cite this file
Murdiyarso D and Randy K. 2015. Wetlands in the IPCC Processes [PowerPoint presentation]. In: SWAMP toolbox: Theme A section A2
Retrieved from <www.cifor.org/swamp-toolbox>
Photo credit
Aulia Erlangga/CIFOR, Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR, IPCC, James Maiden/CIFOR, Kate Evans/CIFOR, Ollivier Girard/CIFOR, Ramadian
Bachtiar/CIFOR, Ricky Martin/Bobo, Sigit D. Sasmito/CIFOR.