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The Rome Foldable
 Rome (the title flap)
 The Grandeur
 The Empire
 Women, Jews, and Christians
 The Fall
 The Legacy
Ancient Rome
The “Grandeur” of Rome
Rome
Twin sons of Mars and a Latin princess, Romulus and Remus
were abandoned on the Tiber River and raised by a she-wolf.
They decided to build a city near that spot, so they founded
Rome in 753 B.C. The two agreed to be in charge of the city.
After the city was divided, Romulus realized his part was half
the size of his brother’s, so he killed his brother. Because of
this, the city was named Rome rather than Reme!!!
The Geography of Rome
-one of the most influential civilizations in
the ancient world
-located in a fertile plain in the center of
Italy
-to the North, the Alps Mountains
protected Rome from invaders
-to the West, the sea provided further
protection
-the sea and the Tiber River also
provided a route for trade and expansion
-the Romans were heirs to Greek culture
-although they gave them Latin names,
they believe in the Greek gods
-they also imitated Greek achievements
in science, art, history and literature
The Roman Republic
-early Rome had two main social classes
-patricians—wealthy landowning familes
-plebeians—small farmers, craftsmen, and merchants
-early on, the Romans overthrew their king and made Rome a republic
-Rome was then governed by a patrician assembly known as the Senate and by
elected officials known as Consuls
-the plebeians chose tribunes to represent them
The Twelve Tables
-Rome flourished…one reason was because it strongly supported the “rule of law”
-government officials were not above the law nor could they act outside the law
-the Roman Republic issued the Twelve Tables to protect the Plebeians
-the Twelve Tables covered civil, criminal, and religious laws
-under Roman law, all citizens were “equal under the law”
-some rules from the Twelve Tables:
-IV.1—a badly deformed child shall be killed.
-VIII.2—If a person injured another’s limb, let there be
retaliation in kind, unless he agrees to make
compensation with him.
-VIII.21—If a patron shall defraud his client, his life must
be forfeited (killed).
-XI.1—No marriage shall take place between a patrician
and a plebeian.
-Romans believed in the important concept of a contract backed by the government
-the rules for ownership of property were established
-legal disputes were argued in front of an official who acted as a judge
-people accused of crimes had the right to a trial in court
Notes
The Grandeur of Rome
-Rome was built on a militarily defensible fertile plain in the middle of Italy
-Rome was near the Mediterranean Sea and next to the Tiber River
-Roman Republic
-Rome was a republic (a system of government by elected representatives)
-Rome had two main social classes—patricians (rich) & plebeians (not rich)
-Twelve Tables
-Roman code of laws that protected citizens
-citizens were “equal under the law”
-citizens were “innocent until proven guilty”
Vocabulary
-patricians—wealthy landowning families
-plebeians—small farmers, craftsmen, and merchants
-republic—a system of government by elected representatives
-tribunes--Roman official who protected the people against oppression.
Ancient Rome
Rome Expands to an Empire
Rome Expands to an Empire
-by 275 BC, Rome already ruled the entire Italian Peninsula
-once Rome united Italy, it then defeated its main trading rival, Carthage
-after the victory over Carthage, Rome went on to conquer the territories in Spain,
North Africa, & the eastern Mediterranean which gave them complete control over the
Mediterranean Sea
-Julius Caesar became the leader of Rome and when his enemies called him back to
Rome, he made himself “dictator” for life
-the Roman officials feared the loss of their freedom so they assassinated Julius
Caesar on the Senate floor in 44 BC
-Augustus Caesar emerged as the next ruler of Rome
-although he had monarch-like powers, he preserved Rome’s republic
-he removed corrupt officials
-he tried to revive the “old” Roman values of responsibility & self-discipline
-his successors became known as “emperors” & were worshiped as gods
Pax Romana:
“The Roman Peace” (27 BC—395 AD)
-Augustus Caesar brought a long period of peace to Europe (“Pax Romana”)
-Rome was able to rule effectively because it had a strong central government
-the Romans saw their culture as superior to all others
-they generally respected local customs, provided laws, & promoted trade
-throughout the empire, people were offered Roman citizenship
Pax Romana:“The Roman Peace” (27 BC—395 AD)
-the Romans were great engineers
-they developed concrete for their large buildings
-they built 50,000 miles of roads to help run the empire
-Rome became the center of the world for communication, commerce, trade, politics,
culture, and military power
The
Colosseum
Pax Romana:“The Roman Peace” (27 BC—395 AD)
-the expansion of the city-state of Rome changed its basic character
-the army went from a citizen army to a professional army obedient to the generals
-although the Roman’s lived by the “rule of law”, they also recognized the ancient
institution of slavery…slaves made up most of the labor force in Rome
-Rome was very well known for having bloody “gladiator contests”
-Roman citizens were able to go to these contests for free
-the contests were held famously at the Roman Colosseum
-eventually, Roman senators became corrupt and the politically motivated generals all
causes fighting for power
Women in Rome
-Romans adopted the traditional view of gender roles, in which women were
responsible for household chores and the men represented the family in public life
-when a woman married, the authority over her passed from her father to her husband
-women could not hold office, but men could seek his wife’s advice in private
-there was actually more gender equality in Rome than in earlier Greek societies
-Romans placed a high value on marriage, home, and family
-women could own property and make wills
-among the lower classes, the women work outside the home
The Jewish Dispersion
-the Romans permitted freedom of religion as long as you worshipped the emperor as
divine
-Jews refused to recognize the emperor as a god
-Jews revolted against Roman rule in 66 AD & 135 AD, but the Romans crushed them
-the Romans then destroyed the temple in Jerusalem
-the Romans drove the Jews out of Israel
-many of the Jews fled into Europe and the Middle East
-the Jews chose to leave rather than abandon their religion
Christianity
-Christianity began about 2000 years ago
-it is based on the teachings of Jesus (a Jew born in Jerusalem)
-Jesus preached forgiveness, mercy, and sympathy for the poor and helpless
-the Romans crucified Jesus for claiming he was the Messiah (or Savior)
-after his death, the Apostles (his close followers), believed Jesus rose from the dead
to redeem mankind
-the promise of an afterlife for all believers helped the new Christian religion to spread
-Christian martyrs refused to worship the emperor as a god, so they were murdered in
the Colosseum
Christianity (con’t)
-despite the Rome’s efforts to eliminate Christianity, the new religion slowly began to
spread to bother believers and non-believers
-there were no strict dietary or other religious laws
-a simple message of love, hope, and salvation inspired many in the Roman Empire
-Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity after having a vision before a battle
-soon after, he claimed freedom of worship for Christians and by the end of the 4th
century, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire
Major Beliefs of Christianity
Role of Jesus
-son of God
-sacrificed himself
for mankind
-after death, he was
resurrected and rose
to heaven
Christian Conduct
The Christian Bible
-believe that if you will be
saved & will go to heaven after
death if you have faith in
Christ as their savior
-the sacred book of
Christianity consists of
the Old Testament (the
Jewish Bible) and the
New Testament (the
life of Christ and the
works of the Apostles
-treat others with love and
respect
-”Golden Rule”—do unto
others as you would have
them do onto you”
Notes
Rome Expands to an Empire
-after uniting Italy, Rome defeated Carthage and spread to western Europe
-Augustus became the 1st emperor and brought in the Pax Romana (Roman Peace)
-Rome, like Greece before them, became the center of the world
-50,000 miles of roads were built as well as many large concrete buildings
-Women, Jews, and Christians
-the women of Rome were not treated bad, but they did not have the same rights
and privileges as the men
-the Jews left Rome during this time so they could keep their religion
-Christianity started and gradually spread during this time
Ancient Rome
The Fall of the Roman Empire
The Fall of the Roman Empire
-starting in the 3rd century AD, the government in Rome began to weaken
Reasons for the Decline of the Roman Empire
-political weakness—Roman government depended on the emperor, but many of
the later emperors were corrupt & ineffective
-economic problems—costs of defending & administering the empire led to high
taxes & then inflation & unemployment led to economic difficulties
-military decline—later Roman armies relied on paid soldiers & these soldiers were
often recruited from non-Roman peoples who were less loyal
than Roman Citizens
-invasions—Rome was under continual attack by fierce tribes from Europe & Asia,
such as the Goths & Huns (barbarians) and eventually the tribes
successfully invaded Rome
-In an effort to reverse the decline of the empire, the empire was split into two parts
in 284 AD to be governed more efficiently (east and west)
-Constantine briefly reunited the empire & moved the capital to Constantinople
The End of the Roman Empire
-in the late 300’s, an Asian nomadic group known as the Huns began to move
westward
-the Goths, another tribe outside the empire, began entering the Roman empire
-a period of great turmoil and chaos followed
-Rome was finally sacked and the last Roman emperor was overthrown in 476 AD
-the eastern side of the empire known as the Byzantine Empire, survived for
another thousand years
The Enduring Legacy of Roman
-sometimes it is hard to distinguish between what the Romans invented and what
they copied from others
-the Romans took the best from the other cultures and made it their own
-the Romans had the same Gods as the Greeks but renamed them, they copied
Greek sculptures, and read Greek poems, plays, and philosophers
Achievements of the Roman Empire
-Law
Roman concepts of justice, equality before the law, &
natural law based on reason shaped later European legal
systems
Achievements of the Roman Empire
-Language
Latin was the language of Rome and some European
languages evolved from Latin including Spanish, French,
Portuguese, Italian, & Romanian
Achievements of the Roman Empire
-Engineering
The Romans built thousands of miles of roads to connect
the distant parts of the empire to Rome. They built bridges
and aqueducts to supply water to the cities . They developed
concrete & the use of arches & domes.
Achievements of the Roman Empire
-Christianity
The adoption of the Christian religion by the Roman Empire
was a major turning point in the spread of Christianity.
Notes
The Enduring Legacy of Rome
-the Romans often borrowed from others like the Greeks to form their culture
-the Roman concepts of justice influence later legal systems around the world
-Latin was the language of Rome and many languages evolved from it
-the Romans built 1000’s of miles of excellent roads
-their bridges and aqueducts helped bring water to where they needed it
-concrete was developed which helped them build arches and domes
-because the Romans adopted Christianity, the religion spread rapidly
What ruler made rome the biggest?
Trajan