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DNA and RNA Paper Lab Answer Key 1. deoxyribose C5H10O4, phosphoric acid H3PO4; Note that conventionally, numbers following the element indicate the number of atoms of that element in a molecule or compound and that 1's are omitted. 2. a. guanine b. cytosine 3. thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine 4. a. Each nucleotide is alike in that it contains deoxyribose, phosphoric acid (phosphate) and a nitrogen base. Many of you also noted that they have a common ring structure. b. Each nucleotide differs in the number/type and arrangement of atoms in the nitrogen base. 5. Deoxyribose and phosphoric acid (phosphate) make up the sides (rails) of the ladder. 6. Each base attaches to deoxyribose. 7. The nitrogen bases make up the ladder's rungs. 8. No 9. Cytosine and guanine; adenine and thymine 10. If there are 4 guanines, there would be four cytosines. 11. a. answers may vary; I hope you answered yes! b. T-A; A-T; G-C; G-C; C-G 12. The new molecules contain the same number of rungs. 13. The order from top to bottom of the base pairs is the same in each molecule (although the two strands of each molecule run in opposite directions and are "opposites", in terms of bases) 14. There are four molecules of adenine and thymine in each DNA molecule. 15. Yes 16. Yes, the DNA molecules are exact copies of each other. 17. The code of a chromosome is the specific order of bases in DNA. 18. a. Thymine is replaced by uracil in RNA b. In RNA, ribose replaces deoxyribose 19. G-C, A-T, C-G, U-A 20. Yes. 21. Table Results: DNA should be checked for deoxyribonucleic acid; deoxyribose present; phosphoric acid present; A, T, G, and C present; formed from nucleotides; double stranded; remains in nucleus; contains a chemical message or code. RNA should be checked for ribonucleic acid; ribose present; phosphoric acid present; A, U, G, and C present; formed from nucleotides, single stranded, moves out of nucleus, contains a message or chemical code. The Central Dogma: DNA to RNA to Protein Computer Lab Answer Key Replication 1. Orig. Strand: AAT GCC AGT GGT TCG CAC Complementary: TTA CGG TCA CCA AGC GTG 2. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are the purines. 3. Thymine (T) and cytosine (C) are the pyrimidines. 4. A forms two hydrogen bonds with T and C forms three hydrogen bonds with G. 5. Each new nucleotide chain "matches" (is the opposite of) the one on which it is formed. 6. One half of each new DNA chain is from the original molecule and one half is new. 7. Covalent bonds connect the nucleotides along the sides of the ladder. 8. Hydrogen bonds join the two halves of the ladder together. Review questions 1. Cells replicate DNA during S phase (DNA synthesis) before cell division so that each daughter cell has one complete copy of all of the DNA. Transcription 1. Orig. Strand: AAT GCC AGT GGT TCG CAC mRNA UUA CGG UCA CCA AGC GUG 2. The mRNA strand is identical in sequence to the complementary strand except that it has U's instead of T's. 3. Blanks should contain: uracile, deoxyribose, double-stranded. 4. Codons shown above. Review questions 1. The DNA needs to be unzipped for transcription to occur. 2. Only one strand gets transcribed at a time. 3. Messenger RNA is single stranded. Translation 1. Orig. Strand: AAT GCC AGT GGT TCG CAC mRNA UUA CGG UCA CCA AGC GUG protein leu arg ser pro ser val Computer Supplement 1. The ribosome makes proteins, sometimes also referred to as polypeptides. 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome. 3. The bases on the tRNA anticodon match the codon on the mRNA. 4. It is important that the mRNA is single-stranded so that the tRNA's can attach to the codons. 5. The mRNA came from the nucleus (in eukaryotes), where it was transcribed from DNA. 6. Amino acids are monomers of proteins or polypeptides. 7. The computer will have corrected your sequence as you competed it. 8. They float away to find a new amino acid. 9. A ribosome can translate any genes. 10. The gene for hemoglobin would be transcribed in a red blood cell when the body sensed that it needed more oxygen or if the cell sensed that it was low on hemoglobin. Mutations. 12. a. Orig. Strand: mRNA protein AAT UUA leu CCC GGG gly AGT UCA ser GGT CCA pro TCG AGC ser CAC GUG val c. Orig. Strand: mRNA protein AAT UUA leu GCC CGG gly ACT UGA stop GGT CCA TCG AGC CAC GUG e. Orig. Strand: mRNA protein AAT UUA leu GCA CGU arg AGT UCA ser GGT CCA pro TCG AGC ser CAC GUG val c. Orig. Strand: mRNA protein AAT UUA leu GGC CCG pro CAC GUG val TGG ACC thr TTC AAG lys GCA CGU arg C G