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BIOL 256 SI, Molly 2/4/16 EXAM 1 REVIEW KEY 1.) Fill in the missing boxes and give a description of each (can be what it does, tests to measure it, or what could happen if it is outside of normal range) Molecule Normal Range Description Arterial pH 7.35-7.45 Too low = acidosis Too high = alkalosis Bicarbonate 24-28 mEq/L Buffer in blood – explains renal functioning Sodium 135-145 mEq/L Signal transduction Calcium 4.5-5.5 mEq/L Signal transduction Oxygen 17.2-22.0 mL/100mL Explains respiratory function Urea 12-35 mg/100mL Amino Acids 3.3-5.1 mg/100mL Protein 6.5-8 g/100mL BUN test (Blood Urea Nitrogen) – explains efficiency of kidneys Too high in newborns = signs of metabolic disease = PKU Too high = may be infection Total Lipids 400-800 mg/100mL Triglyceride/cholesterol Glucose 75-110 mg/100mL Too high = may be diabetes 2.) What are the purposes of positive and negative feedback mechanisms? Give one example of each. Negative feedback – to prevent sudden and severe changes within the body (Ex: beta cells of the pancreas release insulin when blood glucose is high) Positive feedback – to enhance or exaggerate the original stimulus (Ex: oxytocin release during childbirth) 3.) Describe the 8 necessary life functions. a. Maintaining boundaries – internal environment distinct from external b. Movement – locomotion, propulsion, and contractility c. Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them d. Digestion – breakdown of ingested food e. Metabolism – all chemical reactions occurring in body f. Excretion – removal of wastes from the body g. Reproduction – cellular and organism levels h. Growth – increase in size of a body part or of organism 4.) Describe the 5 essential survival needs. a. Oxygen – needed for metabolic reactions b. Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs c. Maintaining normal body temperature – necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates d. Nutrients – chemical substances used for energy and cell building e. Water – provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions 5.) Match each of the following definitions to one of the pictures below. There are no repeats. Blood plasma and interstitial fluid __c__ Fluid between the cells in your tissues, but not in blood _e___ Fluid in the cells, but not around the cells __b__ All fluid in and between cells and tissues __a__ Fluid in blood, but not in blood cells _d___ 6.) Which of the following is not an inorganic molecule? a. Water b. Lipids c. Salts d. Acids e. O2 7.) Bases release __OH-_____ in water; acids release __H+____ in water. 8.) Match the following: Acidic pH = 7 Basic (alkaline) pH < 7 Neutral pH > 7 9.) What does a buffer do? Resist change in pH with small additions of acid or base. 10.) A molecule that is a mirror image of another, having a key functional group oriented in a different direction, is called a ___stereoisomer________ of the other. 11.) What forms do humans and plants store glucose as? Humans – glycogen Plants – starch 12.) Sketch the structure of the following types of lipids: a. Phospholipid b. Steroid c. Triglyceride d. Fatty Acid (saturated and unsaturated) 13.) How many double bonds to mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids have? a. Monounsaturated: 1 double bond b. Polyunsaturated: 2+ double bonds 14.) Define each of the structural levels of proteins. Primary – single strand of amino acids Secondary – 3D arrangement (alpha helix or beta sheet) Tertiary – overall molecular structure/secondary pieces that have come together Quaternary – 2+ polypeptides come together 15.) When DNA polymerase creates a copy of the DNA, it makes RNA. This process is called __transcription________. After that, the strand of RNA creates a protein strand. This process is called ____translation___________. 16.) Name the five nitrogenous bases and correctly pair them. A-T (DNA) A-U (RNA) C-G 17.) Name the three types of RNA and describe their main functions. mRNA – carries the genetic code to make proteins tRNA – has anticodons that correlate the correct amino acid to the codons on mRNA rRNA – enzymatic activity that helps create the protein strand 18.) Using the Genetic Code Table below, change this strand of DNA into a protein. 3’ GGC TAC TTG GAC CCA AAG TAG TCA ACT TGA CAA CCC 5’ 5’ CCG AUG AAC CUG GGU UUC AUC AGU UGA ACU GUU GGG 3’ Met Asn Leu Gly Phe Ile Ser 19.) Transcribe the following DNA antisense sequence: 3’ ATG GGA CAG GGG AAC CAT TTA 5’ 5’ UAC CCU GUC CCC UUG GUA AAU 3’ 20.) What is splicing, what sections are kept, and what sections are discarded? Splicing is a post-transcriptional process. The introns in pre-mRNA are discarded and the exons are kept to create the mature mRNA strand. 21.) What is a polyribosome? Many ribosomes on one mRNA 22.) By coupling a reaction, an ___exergonic_______ reaction allows an ___endergonic______ reaction to become spontaneous. 23.) How can multiple diseases appear from the same metabolic pathway? Different enzymes are affected at different locations along the pathway 24.) Molecules that have lost electrons have been _oxidized_______. Molecules that have gained electrons have been __reduced________. 25.) Create an arrow diagram that shows the transformation of glucose to ATP. Place the products before and after the arrows, and the reaction name above the arrow. Include the amounts of ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 made. *Note: pay attention to how many are made PER CYCLE 26.) Where do each of the following reactions take place? a. Glycolysis: cytoplasm b. Transition reaction: Moving from cytoplasm to mitochondrial matrix c. Kreb’s Cycle: mitochondrial matrix d. Electron transport chain: mitochondrial cristae (inner membrane) e. Cori Cycle: From muscles to liver and back 27.) What type of energy storage provides the greatest amount of energy? a. Glucose b. Fat c. Ketones d. Lactic Acid 28.) The brain uses ___glucose___________ for energy, while the skeletal muscles prefer ___fatty acids_______. The liver and heart are capable of using ____lactic acid_________ as energy, unlike the brain and skeletal muscles. 29.) Describe each of the following: a. Facilitated diffusion: movement of ions/molecules through protein channels b. Simple diffusion: movement through the membrane with no help c. Active transport: movement across membrane using energy 30.) The movement of water across the membrane is titled __osmosis_________. 31.) What will happen to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution? Hypertonic solution? Hypotonic: cells will swell and burst Hypertonic: cells will shrivel