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Guided Notes for PPT #2 Senses Hearing, Equilibrium, and Sight Name:___________________ HEARING: Hearing is actually just a response to_____________________________________ Equilibrium is the sense of __________________________________________________________________ Both senses reside in the inner ear within a maze of fluid filled passages and sensory cells. Sensory cells convert this motion into a pattern of _________________________ How is Sound made?? Sound is any ____________________________________________________________ Air molecules hitting the eardrum cause it to vibrate which generates sound. Pitch is determined by the frequency (Hertz or cycles/sec, wavelength)of the sound…….High or low Loudness is the intensity or amplitude of the vibration, recorded in decibels. Humans have a general range of 20Hz to 20,000Hz Normal human speech is at about __________________________ which is where human hearing is most accurate. Humans lose the ability to detect sounds as they age. How High could you still hear???_________________________ Anatomy of the EAR Basically 3 sections Outer, Middle and Inner Outer and middle facilitate the transmission ______________________________ Inner is where______________________________________________________ Outer ear has only basically 2 structures: Pinna and a tube called the _______________________________________________. They are designed to collect ____________________________________________________________________ Middle ear is located in the _______________________________________________________ Structures of middle ear: Tympanic Membrane ( )__________________________________________________________________ Separates it from the _______________________________________________ Vibrates freely_______________________________________________ Innervated by ____________________________________________________________________________ And is VERY sensitive to pain!! Tympanic cavity: contains the _________________________________________ (ear bones). Eustachia tube (auditory tube)______________________________________________________________________ Equalizes air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane Normally flattened and _______________________________________________________________ Allows ______________________________________________________________________________________ Auditory ossicles (Bones) 3 smallest in your body Malleus_______________________________________________________________________________ Incus______________________________________________________________________________ Staples____________________________________________________________________________ Inner Ear: Actual center __________________________________________ Has semicircular canals:___fluid filled ________________________________________________________ Cochlea is the _______________________________________________ This is connected to the ________________________________________which relays info to the ________________in the cerebrum. Physiology of hearing: In the tympanic space, the ossicles ad their muscles have a protective function, to____________________________ ________________________________________ Middle Ear muscles help to coordinate speech with hearing by_____________________________________________ Stimulation of Cochlear hair cells occures by the vibrations of the middle ear bones, as many as ____________________. Deafness, can be cause by : Damaged tympanic _________________________________________________________________________________ Otosclerosis is the ____________________________________________________________________________ Can also be caused by nerve damage, Sensorineural deafness:_____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Auditory Projection Pathway: Sensory fibers begin at the bases of the hair cells in the cochlea. Cell bodies form the __________________________ Axons lead away from the cochlea as the ______________________________________________________ This cochlea nerve joins with the ________________________________________________to form the _____________________________________also known as the _________________________________. Each ear sends nerve fibers to ________________________________which end in the cochlear nuclei Neural fibers then rise to the midbrain which helps_____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________. Neurons then lead to the thalamus to the primary________________________________________________________. This primary auditory cortex lies on the top of the ____________________________________________ which is the site ____________________________________________ Equilibrium: the coordination _________________________________________________ The apparatus that hold receptors for equilibrium are the ________________________________________ These ____________________ have 3 semicircular ducts____________________________________________ And 2 chambers that are responsible for ________________________________________________________________ What is static equilibrium?______________________________________________________________ Dynamic equilibrium is the perception of motion or acceleration Linear acceleration________________________________________________________________ Angular acceleration______________________________________________________________ Sight and Vision Conjunctiva=___________________________________________________________________ This is richly innervated and vascular.________________ • three principal components of the eyeball – three layers (tunics) that form the wall of the eyeball – optical component – admits and focuses light – neural component – the retina and optic nerve TUNIC LAYERS: 1. Tunic fibrtosa_______________________________ Sclera_____________________________________ Cornea, still sclera but transparent and clear so that light can be admitted into the eye 2. Tunic Vasculosa ___________________________________________________ Choroid_________________________________________________ Ciliary body___________________________________________________________________________ Iris_____________________________________________________________________ 3. Tunic Interna___________________________________________ OPTICAL COMPONENT Transparent elements that _________________________________________ ____________________________ 1. Cornea_________________________________________________________________________ 2. Aqueous humor____________________________________________________________________ 3. Lens________________________________________________________________________________ Neural Component Includes the retina and optic nerve 1. Retina_________________________________________________________________________ Attached to the eye________________________________________________________________ Pressed against the rear of__________________________________________________________ Detached retina causes ____________________________________________________________ 2. Optic nerve _______transmits signals to the brain Formation of an Image: Light passes through the _________________________________________________________ Light energy is converted to Action Potentials in the retina!! Rod and cone cells are the light absorbing cells. Rod cells: used for night vision or monochromatic vision Cone cells: used to capture color and are photopic..day vision Bipolar cells _________________________________________________ Ganglion cells_______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Generating an Optic Nerve Signal Rod and cone cells release glutamate when stimulated. This in turn activates bipolar cells of the retina to release neurotransmitters which in turn stimulate retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve. Visual Projection Pathway The two optic nerves combine to form the optic chiasm. Half the fibers_________________________________________________________ Right cerebral hemisphere sees___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Each side of the brain sees what is _________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Processing of Visual Information:The Primary Visual Cortex ________________________________________to the Visual Association areas in the ____________________________________________which process retinal data from the _________________________________lobes. Such as object location, __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Muscle Control of the Eye 6 muscles attach to the exterior of the eye Superior, inferior, medial and lateral rectus muscles move the eye up, down, medially & laterally Superior and inferior oblique turn the “twelve o’clock pole” of each eye toward or away from the nose innervated by cranial nerves III, IV and VI