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KOKORO KAI JU-JITSU Human Anatomy and Physiology A written examination is set for Dan gradings from information contained within the text of these pages. Note that there is NO requirement to learn weights and measurements in both metric and imperial units – answers may be given in either system. Note also that the anatomical diagrams do NOT form part of the examination – there is NO requirement to learn the extra information contained in them. Their function is only to aid revision by showing the spatial organisation in the body of items mentioned in the text. Organs Skin Acts as the body's temperature regulator. The average weight of an adult's skin is 4.8kg (9lbs). It is the largest organ. Liver Acts as a purifying plant, building up compounds to send around the body. Its main function is to ensure the body has enough glucose, particularly the brain. The liver extracts sugar to convert it to glucose. Blood clotting agents are also produced by the liver. The average weight is 1.4–1.8kg (3–4lbs), making it our 2nd largest organ (after the skin). The liver is located high up on the right side of the abdomen. Kidneys Responsible for monitoring the body's levels of water, acids, salts and proteins. They also eliminate any potential toxins. The kidneys each contain over a million filter units, returning 99% of water passing through them. The remaining 1% becomes urine and passes into the bladder. Blood pumps through the kidneys at a rate of 1.1litres (2 pints) per minute and takes about 5 minutes to go around the body and return. The kidneys are each about 10cm (4”) long by 6.5cm (2.5”) wide and weigh approximately 140g (5oz). The compressed tubes inside stretch, when extended, to over 80km (50 miles). The kidneys are not in the small of the back, but much higher behind the 12th ribs. Heart A hollow muscular organ found in the chest, left of the space between the 5th and 8th ribs. The heart has 4 chambers: the left and right auricles (or atria), and the left and right ventricles. The weight of an adult’s heart is between 230–340g (8–12oz). It is about the size of a closed fist. Blood enters the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava, and the 4 pulmonary veins. Blood leaves via the aorta, and the left and right pulmonary arteries. The heart rate of a healthy young adult is about 70 beats per minute (bpm) whilst resting, rising to around 80bpm while standing, and with fairly strenuous exercise to about 125bpm. Heart rates are faster in children and slightly faster in the elderly. W. Bowen / R. Green 1 of 7 A&P V1.1 KOKORO KAI JU-JITSU Human Anatomy and Physiology Spleen The spleen holds a reserve supply of blood and is concerned with the destruction of worn-out blood corpuscles. It also manufactures lymphocytes. It lies on the left side beneath the 9th, 10th and 11th ribs, and touches the left kidney. The spleen is about 13cm (5”) long and weighs about 200g (7oz). Ears The organ of hearing and balance has 3 systems. The outer ear deflects sounds into a canal leading to the eardrum, which causes it to vibrate. These vibrations are passed to the middle ear and meet the 3 smallest bones of the body, the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup). They are collectively known as the ossicles. These bones conduct the sound to the cochlea or inner ear, a chamber partially filled with fluid. Deep inside the cochlea is the organ of Corti. The cells of this organ send impulses to the cerebrum part of the brain via the cochlear nerve, and so register sound. Movement of the fluid in the ear is conveyed as impulses via the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum part of the brain. This creates reflexes, which maintain equilibrium. Breathing Respiration Air is drawn into the lungs by inspiration and expelled by expiration. Air enters through the mouth and nose, passes into the larynx to the trachea, then into the left and right bronchi, which become bronchioles then alveoli. Lungs The main organs of respiration, 2 in number, laying 1 either side of the heart. The lungs are divided into lobes; the right has 3, the left 2. The function of the lungs is the interchange of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen enters the lungs during inspiration and comes into contact with blood in the pulmonary capillaries situated in the alveoli. It is taken in the blood to the heart where it is pumped, via the arteries, to all parts of the body. Similarly, carbon dioxide is taken from the blood to leave the body during expiration. Breathing rate is about 16 times per minute when at rest, but can be changed voluntarily. The rate is controlled by the respiration centre in the medulla oblongata part of the brain. W. Bowen / R. Green 2 of 7 A&P V1.1 KOKORO KAI JU-JITSU Human Anatomy and Physiology Nervous System Brain The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system. It is divided into 5 main parts: cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain, medulla oblongata and pons varioli. These are followed by the spinal cord itself. The average adult brain weight is just over 1.4kg (3lbs). Spinal cord Extends from the medulla oblongata to the 1st lumbar vertebra. It is roughly the thickness of a little finger and about 45cm (17.5”) long. (at rear) Cranial nerves There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves; all are connected directly to the brain. Spinal nerves There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, some of which form networks called plexuses. The most prominent are the cervical, brachial and lumbo-sacral. All plexuses are paired. W. Bowen / R. Green 3 of 7 A&P V1.1 KOKORO KAI JU-JITSU Human Anatomy and Physiology Skeleton An adult has 206 bones, but as the sacrum comprises of 5 fused bones and the coccyx 4 fused bones, this equals 213 in total. The skeleton matures at 25 years. The only bone without a function is the coccyx. Skull Consists of 8 cranial and 14 facial bones. The hyoid bone is found in the floor of the mouth, and is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone. 8 Cranial Bones Frontal 1 Occipital 1 Ethmoid 1 Sphenoid 1 Temporal 2 Parietal 2 14 Facial Bones Mandible 1 Vomer 1 Lacrimal 2 Inferior turbinate 2 Maxilla 2 Palatine 2 Nasal 2 Zygomatic 2 W. Bowen / R. Green 4 of 7 A&P V1.1 KOKORO KAI JU-JITSU Human Anatomy and Physiology Ears The bones of the ear are the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup). They are the smallest human bones and are collectively known as the ossicles. Teeth An adult has 32 teeth in a full set, 16 in each jaw. On each jaw, from the centre outward: 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars and 3 molars. Spinal vertebrae The 33 spinal vertebrae are comprised of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal. Among the cervical vertebrae are the atlas and axis, which allow the rocking and turning of the head. Thoracic cage (rib cage) Consists of the 12 thoracic vertebrae, plus 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum. Ribs The upper 7 pairs are true ribs. The 8th, 9th and 10th pairs are false ribs. The final 2 pairs are floating ribs. Sternum (breastbone) Consists of 3 parts: the manubrium (top), gladiolus (body), and the xiphoid process (tip). Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) Consists of 2 clavicles (collar bones) and 2 scapulae (shoulder blades). Upper limbs Each made up of the following: humerus, radius, ulna, 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals and 14 phalanges. The carpals form the wrist and are the capitate, hamate, lunate, scaphoid, pisiform, trapezium, triquetral, trapezoid. Pelvic girdle (hip girdle) Consists of the pelvis and sacrum. The pelvis is made of 2 joined halves known as the innominate bones. These are each made up of 3 fused bones: the ilium, ischium and pubis. W. Bowen / R. Green 5 of 7 A&P V1.1 KOKORO KAI JU-JITSU Human Anatomy and Physiology Lower limbs Each made up of the following: innominate bone, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges. The femur is the longest human bone. The tarsals form the ankle and are the talus, navicular, calcaneum, 3 cuneiforms and the cuboid. Muscles There are more than 600 in the body. Whatever action the body takes, muscles always pull, never push. The largest is the gluteus maximus and the longest is the sartorius (both in the leg). W. Bowen / R. Green 6 of 7 A&P V1.1 KOKORO KAI JU-JITSU Human Anatomy and Physiology W. Bowen / R. Green 7 of 7 A&P V1.1