Download Organs

KOKORO KAI JU-JITSU
Human Anatomy and Physiology
A written examination is set for Dan gradings from information contained within the text of these pages.
Note that there is NO requirement to learn weights and measurements in both metric and imperial units –
answers may be given in either system.
Note also that the anatomical diagrams do NOT form part of the examination – there is NO requirement to
learn the extra information contained in them. Their function is only to aid revision by showing the spatial
organisation in the body of items mentioned in the text.
Organs
Skin
Acts as the body's temperature regulator. The average weight of an adult's skin is 4.8kg (9lbs). It is the
largest organ.
Liver
Acts as a purifying plant, building up compounds to send around the body. Its main function is to ensure
the body has enough glucose, particularly the brain. The liver extracts sugar to convert it to glucose.
Blood clotting agents are also produced by the liver. The average weight is 1.4–1.8kg (3–4lbs), making it
our 2nd largest organ (after the skin). The liver is located high up on the right side of the abdomen.
Kidneys
Responsible for monitoring the body's levels of water, acids, salts and proteins. They also eliminate any
potential toxins. The kidneys each contain over a million filter units, returning 99% of water passing
through them. The remaining 1% becomes urine and passes into the bladder. Blood pumps through the
kidneys at a rate of 1.1litres (2 pints) per minute and takes about 5 minutes to go around the body and
return. The kidneys are each about 10cm (4”) long by 6.5cm (2.5”) wide and weigh approximately 140g
(5oz). The compressed tubes inside stretch, when extended, to over 80km (50 miles). The kidneys are
not in the small of the back, but much higher behind the 12th ribs.
Heart
A hollow muscular organ found in the
chest, left of the space between the 5th
and 8th ribs. The heart has 4 chambers:
the left and right auricles (or atria), and
the left and right ventricles. The weight
of an adult’s heart is between 230–340g
(8–12oz). It is about the size of a closed
fist. Blood enters the heart via the
superior and inferior vena cava, and the
4 pulmonary veins. Blood leaves via the
aorta, and the left and right pulmonary
arteries. The heart rate of a healthy
young adult is about 70 beats per minute
(bpm) whilst resting, rising to around
80bpm while standing, and with fairly
strenuous exercise to about 125bpm.
Heart rates are faster in children and
slightly faster in the elderly.
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Human Anatomy and Physiology
Spleen
The spleen holds a reserve supply of blood and is concerned with the destruction of worn-out blood
corpuscles. It also manufactures lymphocytes. It lies on the left side beneath the 9th, 10th and 11th ribs,
and touches the left kidney. The spleen is about 13cm (5”) long and weighs about 200g (7oz).
Ears
The organ of hearing and balance has 3 systems.
The outer ear deflects sounds into a canal leading
to the eardrum, which causes it to vibrate. These
vibrations are passed to the middle ear and meet
the 3 smallest bones of the body, the malleus
(hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup). They
are collectively known as the ossicles. These
bones conduct the sound to the cochlea or inner
ear, a chamber partially filled with fluid. Deep
inside the cochlea is the organ of Corti. The cells
of this organ send impulses to the cerebrum part of
the brain via the cochlear nerve, and so register
sound.
Movement of the fluid in the ear is
conveyed as impulses via the vestibular nerve to
the cerebellum part of the brain. This creates
reflexes, which maintain equilibrium.
Breathing
Respiration
Air is drawn into the lungs by inspiration and expelled by expiration. Air enters through the mouth and
nose, passes into the larynx to the trachea, then into the left and right bronchi, which become bronchioles
then alveoli.
Lungs
The main organs of respiration, 2 in number,
laying 1 either side of the heart. The lungs are
divided into lobes; the right has 3, the left 2.
The function of the lungs is the interchange of
the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen
enters the lungs during inspiration and comes
into contact with blood in the pulmonary
capillaries situated in the alveoli. It is taken in
the blood to the heart where it is pumped, via
the arteries, to all parts of the body. Similarly,
carbon dioxide is taken from the blood to leave
the body during expiration. Breathing rate is
about 16 times per minute when at rest, but can
be changed voluntarily. The rate is controlled
by the respiration centre in the medulla
oblongata part of the brain.
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Human Anatomy and Physiology
Nervous System
Brain
The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system. It is divided into 5 main parts: cerebrum,
cerebellum, midbrain, medulla oblongata and pons varioli. These are followed by the spinal cord itself.
The average adult brain weight is just over 1.4kg (3lbs).
Spinal cord
Extends from the medulla oblongata to the 1st
lumbar vertebra. It is roughly the thickness of a
little finger and about 45cm (17.5”) long.
(at rear)
Cranial nerves
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves; all are
connected directly to the brain.
Spinal nerves
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, some of
which form networks called plexuses. The
most prominent are the cervical, brachial and
lumbo-sacral. All plexuses are paired.
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Skeleton
An adult has 206 bones, but as the sacrum comprises of 5 fused bones and the coccyx 4 fused bones,
this equals 213 in total. The skeleton matures at 25 years. The only bone without a function is the
coccyx.
Skull
Consists of 8 cranial and 14 facial bones. The hyoid bone is found in the floor of the mouth, and is the
only bone that does not articulate with another bone.
8 Cranial Bones
Frontal
1
Occipital
1
Ethmoid
1
Sphenoid
1
Temporal
2
Parietal
2
14 Facial Bones
Mandible
1
Vomer
1
Lacrimal
2
Inferior turbinate
2
Maxilla
2
Palatine
2
Nasal
2
Zygomatic
2
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Ears
The bones of the ear are the malleus (hammer), incus
(anvil) and stapes (stirrup). They are the smallest human
bones and are collectively known as the ossicles.
Teeth
An adult has 32 teeth in a full set, 16 in each jaw. On each
jaw, from the centre outward: 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars and 3 molars.
Spinal vertebrae
The 33 spinal vertebrae are comprised of 7 cervical, 12
thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal. Among the
cervical vertebrae are the atlas and axis, which allow the
rocking and turning of the head.
Thoracic cage (rib cage)
Consists of the 12 thoracic vertebrae, plus 12 pairs of ribs
and the sternum.
Ribs
The upper 7 pairs are true ribs. The 8th, 9th and 10th pairs
are false ribs. The final 2 pairs are floating ribs.
Sternum (breastbone)
Consists of 3 parts: the manubrium (top),
gladiolus (body), and the xiphoid process
(tip).
Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)
Consists of 2 clavicles (collar bones) and 2
scapulae (shoulder blades).
Upper limbs
Each made up of the following: humerus,
radius, ulna, 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals and 14
phalanges.
The carpals form the wrist and are the
capitate, hamate, lunate, scaphoid, pisiform,
trapezium, triquetral, trapezoid.
Pelvic girdle (hip girdle)
Consists of the pelvis and sacrum. The
pelvis is made of 2 joined halves known as
the innominate bones. These are each made
up of 3 fused bones: the ilium, ischium and
pubis.
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Lower limbs
Each made up of the following: innominate bone, femur, patella,
tibia, fibula, 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges. The
femur is the longest human bone.
The tarsals form the ankle and are the talus, navicular,
calcaneum, 3 cuneiforms and the cuboid.
Muscles
There are more than 600 in the body. Whatever action the body
takes, muscles always pull, never push. The largest is the
gluteus maximus and the longest is the sartorius (both in the leg).
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