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. Skin Weight: 4.8kg (9lb) Size: largest organ in the body Function: acts as the body’s temperature regulator Liver Weight: Location: Size: 1.4-1.8kg (3-4lb) right side of abdomen 2nd largest organ in the body Function: Acts as a purifying plant Builds up compounds, sends them around the body Ensures body (especially brain) has enough glucose Converts sugar into glucose Produces blood clotting agents Kidneys Weight: Location: 140g (5oz) Behind the 12th ribs Size: 10cm long (4”), 6.5cm wide (2.5”) Compressed tubes inside can stretch to over 80km (50 miles) Function: Monitors water, acid, salt and protein levels Eliminate potential toxins Contain 1 million filter units, returning 99% of water passing through them (remaining 1% becomes urine, passes into bladder) Blood pumps through a rate of 1.1 litres (2 pints) per minute Takes 5 minutes for blood to travel circuit around body Heart Weight: 230-340g (8-12oz) Location: Chest, left of the space between the 5th and 8th ribs Size: approx. the size of a closed fist 4 chambers (left and right atria, left and right ventricles) Function: Blood enters through superior and inferior vena cava and 4 pulmonary veins Blood leaves through aorta and the left and right pulmonary arteries Heart rate = 70bpm (resting), 80bpm (standing), 125bpm (fairly strenuous exercise) Heart rate faster in children and slightly faster in the elderly Remember: Arteries transport blood away from the heart Spleen Weight: 200g (7oz) Location: beneath 9th, 10th and 11th ribs touches left kidney Size: 13cm (5”) long Function: holds reserve supply of blood involved in destruction of worn-out blood corpuscles manufactures lymphocytes (white blood cells) Ears Outer ear deflects sounds into a canal leading to the ear drum Ear drum vibrates Vibrations passes to middle ear, meet the 3 smallest bones in the body: Malleus (Hammer) Incus (Anvil) Collectively known as the ossicles Stapes (Stirrup) These conduct sound to cochlea or the inner ear (a chamber partially filled with fluid) Deep inside the cochlea is the Organ of Corti. Cells in this send impulses along cochlea nerve to cerebrum Due to movement of fluid in the ear, impulses sent via vestibular nerve to cerebellum This creates reflexes, maintaining equilibrium Respiration Inspiration Expiration = = air is drawn into lungs air is taken out of lungs Air enters through mouth and nose Larynx Trachea Left and right bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Location: one either side of the heart Function: Main organs of respiration, exchange of gases (𝐶02 𝑎𝑛𝑑 02 ) Structure: Divided into lobes Right has 3 lobes Left has 2 lobes Gaseous exchange 𝑂2 enters lungs Comes into contact with blood in pulmonary capillaries in the alveoli 𝑂2 taken by blood to the heart Arteries transport blood containing 𝑂2 to rest of body 𝑪𝑶𝟐 taken from blood during expiration Breathing rate ≈ 16 times per minute Breathing rate can be changed voluntarily (by medulla oblongata) Brain Weight: 1.4kg (3lbs) Central nervous system = brain + spinal cord 5 parts: Cerebrum Cerebellum Midbrain Medulla oblongata Pons varioli Spinal cord Location: extends from medulla oblongata to the 1st lumbar vertebra Size: Approx. thickness of little finger 45cm (17.5”) long Cranial nerves 12 pairs All directly connected to the brain Spinal nerves 31 pairs Some form networks called plexuses which are paired Most prominent: cervical, brachial and the lumbosacral Skeleton 206 bones Sacrum consists of 5 fused bones Coccyx (the only bone without a function) consists of 4 fused bones Therefore 213 in total At 25 years old, skeleton matures Bones in the skull 8 Cranial (1 Frontal, 1 Occipital, 1 Ethmoid, 1 Sphenoid, 2 Temporal, 2 Pareital) 14 Facial ( 1 Mandible, 1 Vomer, 1 Lacrimal, 2 Inferior turbinate, 2 Maxilla, 2 Palatine, 2 Nasal, 2 Zygomatic) The only bone that does not articulate (move) with another bone is the Hyoid bone in the mouth Teeth 32 in total (16 in each jaw) 2 incisors 1 canine 2 pre-molars 4 molars In half of a jaw Spinal Vertebrae 33 in total 7 cervical (including atlas and axis which allow rocking and turning of head) 12 thoraic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccygeal Thoracic Cage (rib cage) 12 thoracic vertebrae 12 pairs of ribs The Sternum Sternum (breastbone) Manubrium (top) Gladiolus (body) Xiphoid process (tip) Ribs True ribs = upper 7 ribs False ribs = 8th, 9th and 10th pairs Floating ribs = 11th and 12th Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) 2 clavicles (collar bones) 2 scapulae (shoulder blades) Upper limbs Humerus, radius, ulna, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges, 8 carpals Form the wrist Capitae, hamate, lunate, scaphoid, pisiform, trapezium, triquetral, trapezoid Pelvic girdle (hip girdle) Pelvis and sacrum Consists of 2 joined halves (innominate bones) Each innominate bone made up of 3 fused bones (ilium, ishium and the pubis) Muscles Over 600 in the body Always pull, never push Largest is gluteus maximus Longest is sartorius Both in the leg Innominate bone Femur Longest human bone 14 Phalanges Tibia Lower limbs Fibula 7 Tarsals Form the ankle Talus Navicular Calcaneum 3 Cuneiforms Cuboid Patella 5 Metatarsals