Download British Ryushin Association

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Skin
 Weight: 4.8kg (9lb)
 Size: largest organ in the body
 Function: acts as the body’s temperature regulator
Liver
 Weight:
 Location:
 Size:
1.4-1.8kg (3-4lb)
right side of abdomen
2nd largest organ in the body
 Function:
 Acts as a purifying plant
 Builds up compounds, sends them around the body
 Ensures body (especially brain) has enough glucose
 Converts sugar into glucose
 Produces blood clotting agents
Kidneys
 Weight:
 Location:
140g (5oz)
Behind the 12th ribs
 Size:
 10cm long (4”), 6.5cm wide (2.5”)
 Compressed tubes inside can stretch to over 80km (50 miles)
 Function:
 Monitors water, acid, salt and protein levels
 Eliminate potential toxins
 Contain 1 million filter units, returning 99% of water passing through
them (remaining 1% becomes urine, passes into bladder)
 Blood pumps through a rate of 1.1 litres (2 pints) per minute
 Takes 5 minutes for blood to travel circuit around body
Heart
 Weight: 230-340g (8-12oz)
 Location: Chest, left of the space between the 5th and 8th ribs
 Size:
 approx. the size of a closed fist
 4 chambers (left and right atria, left and right ventricles)
 Function:
 Blood enters through superior and inferior vena cava and 4 pulmonary veins
 Blood leaves through aorta and the left and right pulmonary arteries
 Heart rate = 70bpm (resting), 80bpm (standing), 125bpm (fairly strenuous
exercise)
 Heart rate faster in children and slightly faster in the elderly
Remember: Arteries transport blood away from the heart
Spleen
 Weight: 200g (7oz)
 Location:
 beneath 9th, 10th and 11th ribs
 touches left kidney
 Size: 13cm (5”) long
 Function:
 holds reserve supply of blood
 involved in destruction of worn-out blood corpuscles
 manufactures lymphocytes (white blood cells)
Ears
Outer ear deflects sounds into a canal leading to the ear drum
Ear drum vibrates
Vibrations passes to middle ear, meet the 3 smallest bones in the
body:
 Malleus (Hammer)
 Incus (Anvil)
Collectively known as the ossicles
 Stapes (Stirrup)
These conduct sound to cochlea or the inner ear (a chamber partially filled with
fluid)
Deep inside the cochlea is the
Organ of Corti. Cells in this
send impulses along cochlea
nerve to cerebrum
Due to movement of fluid in the ear,
impulses sent via vestibular nerve to
cerebellum
This creates reflexes, maintaining
equilibrium
Respiration
 Inspiration
 Expiration
=
=
air is drawn into lungs
air is taken out of lungs
Air enters through mouth and nose
Larynx
Trachea
Left and right bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
 Location: one either side of the heart
 Function: Main organs of respiration, exchange of
gases (𝐶02 𝑎𝑛𝑑 02 )
 Structure:
 Divided into lobes
 Right has 3 lobes
 Left has 2 lobes
Gaseous exchange
𝑂2 enters lungs
Comes into contact with blood in pulmonary capillaries in the
alveoli
𝑂2 taken by blood to the heart
Arteries transport blood containing 𝑂2 to rest of body
 𝑪𝑶𝟐 taken from blood during expiration
 Breathing rate ≈ 16 times per minute
 Breathing rate can be changed voluntarily (by medulla oblongata)
Brain
 Weight: 1.4kg (3lbs)
 Central nervous system = brain + spinal cord
 5 parts:
 Cerebrum
 Cerebellum
 Midbrain
 Medulla oblongata
 Pons varioli
Spinal cord
 Location: extends from medulla oblongata to the 1st
lumbar vertebra
 Size:
 Approx. thickness of little finger
 45cm (17.5”) long
Cranial nerves
 12 pairs
 All directly connected
to the brain
Spinal nerves
 31 pairs
 Some form networks called
plexuses which are paired
 Most prominent: cervical,
brachial and the lumbosacral
Skeleton
 206 bones
 Sacrum consists of 5 fused bones
 Coccyx (the only bone without a
function) consists of 4 fused bones
 Therefore 213 in total
 At 25 years old, skeleton matures
Bones in the skull
 8 Cranial (1 Frontal, 1 Occipital, 1
Ethmoid, 1 Sphenoid,
2 Temporal, 2 Pareital)
 14 Facial ( 1 Mandible, 1 Vomer, 1
Lacrimal, 2 Inferior
turbinate, 2 Maxilla, 2 Palatine, 2
Nasal, 2 Zygomatic)
 The only bone that does not
articulate (move) with another
bone is the Hyoid bone in the
mouth
Teeth
 32 in total (16 in each jaw)
 2 incisors
 1 canine
 2 pre-molars
 4 molars
In half of a jaw
Spinal Vertebrae
 33 in total
 7 cervical (including atlas and axis
which allow rocking
and turning of head)
 12 thoraic
 5 lumbar
 5 sacral
 4 coccygeal
Thoracic Cage (rib cage)
 12 thoracic vertebrae
 12 pairs of ribs
 The Sternum
Sternum (breastbone)
 Manubrium (top)
 Gladiolus (body)
 Xiphoid process (tip)
Ribs
 True ribs = upper 7 ribs
 False ribs = 8th, 9th and 10th
pairs
 Floating ribs = 11th and 12th
Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)
 2 clavicles (collar bones)
 2 scapulae (shoulder blades)
Upper limbs
 Humerus, radius, ulna, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges,
8 carpals
 Form the wrist
 Capitae, hamate, lunate, scaphoid, pisiform, trapezium,
triquetral, trapezoid
Pelvic girdle (hip girdle)
 Pelvis and sacrum
 Consists of 2 joined halves
(innominate bones)
 Each innominate bone made up
of 3 fused bones (ilium, ishium
and the pubis)
Muscles
 Over 600 in the body
 Always pull, never push
 Largest is gluteus maximus
 Longest is sartorius
Both in
the leg
Innominate bone
Femur
 Longest
human
bone
14 Phalanges
Tibia
Lower limbs
Fibula
7 Tarsals
 Form the ankle
 Talus
 Navicular
 Calcaneum
 3 Cuneiforms
 Cuboid
Patella
5 Metatarsals