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CANCER AND BIOTECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 19 and Chapter 21 DNA AND BIOTECHNOLOGY DNA A MACROMOLECULE THAT CONTAINS THE INFORMATION NEEDED TO BUILD PROTEINS AN ORGANISM’S STRUCTURE IS THE RESULT OF ALL THE DIFFERENT PROTEINS THAT ITS DIFFERENT CELLS MAKE GENE A SEGMENT OF DNA THAT CONTAINS THE RECIPE FOR A PROTEIN A PROTEIN IS A POLYMER MADE OF AMINO ACIDS CONNECTED TOGETHER CHROMOSOME A LONG PIECE OF DNA CAN BE EXTENDED (CHROMATIN) SO IT CAN BE READ CAN BE COMPACTED (CHROMOSOME) SO IT CAN BE EASILY MOVED AROUND WHEN THE CELL DIVIDES CHROMOSOMES CHROMOSOMES ARE RECIPE BOOKS MADE UP OF THOUSANDS OF GENES (RECIPES FOR PROTEINS) THE SUM OF ALL THE RECIPES IS THE ORGANISM DNA STRUCTURE A POLYMER COMPOSED OF UNITS CALLED NUCLEOTIDES NUCLEOTIDE- PHOSPHATE, SUGAR, BASE DNA BASES= A, T, C, G DNA CONT. DNA IS A DOUBLE STRANDED HELIX (SPIRAL) THE 2 STRANDS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN COMPLEMENTARY BASES COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING = A-T AND G-C REPLICATION COPYING THE DNA BEFORE CELL DIVISION 1. THE HELIX UNZIPS 2. DNA POLYMERASE INSERTS COMPLEMENTARY NUCLEOTIDES ACROSS FROM THE PARENT STRAND WE HAVE 2 identical double stranded DNA MOLECULES RNA ALSO A POLYMER MADE UP OF NUCLEOTIDES DIFFERENT SUGAR, SINGLE STRANDED U INSTEAD OF T, A-U AND G-C COMPLEMENTARY RNA COPIES ARE MADE BY RNA POLYMERASE 3 TYPES OF RNA rRNA- WILL BECOME PART OF RIBOSOME mRNA- A DISPOSABLE RNA COPY OF A GENE tRNA- TRANSFERS THE CORRECT AMINO ACID TO THE RIBOSOME WHERE IT WILL BE CONNECTED IN THE CORRECT ORDER TO FORM A PROTEIN MAKING A PROTEIN 2 STEPS 1. MAKE AN RNA COPY (mRNA) OF THE GENE FOR THE PROTEIN THE CELL NEEDS= TRANSCRIPTION 2. THE RNA COPY GOES TO THE RIBOSOME WHERE ITS INFORMATION IS USED TO CONNECT THE CORRECT AMINO ACIDS (AA’S) TOGETHER TO MAKE THE PROTEIN= TRANSLATION DNA CODE IT TAKES A SET OF 3 BASES (CODON) TO CODE FOR ONE Amino Acid (PROTEIN INGREDIENT) TRANSCRIPTION- MAKES A COMPLEMENTARY RNA COPY OF A GENE- RNA POLYMERASE TRANSCRIBE 30 BASES= ENOUGH INFO FOR 10 INGREDIENTS (10 AA’S) TRANSLATION THE mRNA MOVES TO THE RIBOSOME WHERE IT IS READ AND THE CORRECT PROTEIN IS MADE THE RIBOSOME ACTS AS THE COUNTERTOP WHERE THE mRNA IS READ AND THE CORRECT INGREDIENTS (AA’S) ARE MIXED (CONNECTED) TOGETHER tRNA’s are gophers EACH DIFFERENT tRNA HAS A 3 BASE ANTI-CODON SEQUENCE ON ONE END THE OTHER END CARRIES A SPECIFIC AMINO ACID WHEN THIS SEQUENCE IS COMPLEMENTARY TO THE mRNA CODON- THAT tRNA WILL RUSH IN AND DROP OFF ITS AA AA’S AS THE CORRECT AMINO ACIDS ARE DROPPED OFF IN THE CORRECT ORDER BY THE tRNA’S (MATCHING THEIR ANTICODONS WITH THE mRNA CODONS) THEY ARE CONNECTED TOGETHER BY PEPTIDE BONDS TO FORM A POLYPEPTIDE= THE PROTEIN BIOTECHNOLOGY THE USE OF GENETIC ENGINEERING TO PRODUCE A DESIRED PRODUCT GENETIC ENGINEERING= THE ALTERATION OF THE GENOME OF VIRUSES, BACTERIA AND OTHER CELLS RESULTS TODAY GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS MAKE INSULIN, GROWTH HORMONE AND MANY OTHER DRUGS WHICH TREAT CANCER AND CIRCULATORY DISORDERS. PRODUCING A PROTEIN 1. CUT THE GENE THAT CODES FOR THE DESIRED PROTEIN OUT OF A HUMAN CELL 2. SPLICE THE GENE INTO A VECTOR WHICH TRANSFERS THE GENE TO THE HOST CELL 3. THE HOST CELL WILL TRANSCRIBE AND TRANSLATE THE GENE AND GIVE US THE PROTEIN FORENSICS A SEQUENCE OF DNA IS PRECISELY CUT OUT OF A HOST CELL WITH A RESTRICTION ENZYME. IT IS THEN COPIED HUNDREDS OF TIMES. USE ANOTHER RESTRICTION ENZYME TO CHOP IT UP GEL ELECTROPHORESIS- PROCESS THAT SEPARATES THE CHOPPED UP SEGMENTS BASED ON THEIR SIZES FORENSICS IDENTICLE DNA WILL FRAGMENT IN THE SAME LOCATION WHICH WILL PRODUCE THE SAME FRAGMENT PATTERNS ON A GEL DNA FROM DIFFERENT PEOPLE WILL FRAGMENT AT DIFFERENT PLACES AND THE FRAGMENT PATTERNS WILL BE DIFFERENT TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS BACTERIA- MAKE CHEMICALS AND DRUGS (MAKE HUMAN INSULIN FOR DIABETICS) PLANTS- RESIST INSECTS, DISEASES AND HERBICIDES, GROW BETTER ANIMALS- BIGGER (PRODUCE GROWTH HORMONE), PRODUCE DRUGS IN THEIR MILK. GENE THERAPY GIVES GOOD GENES TO SOMEONE WITH BAD GENES DNA PROBES SMALL RADIOACTIVE SINGLE STRANDED DNA SEQUENCES MIXED WITH CHROMOSOME CAN IDENTIFY THE LOCATION OF GENES ON A CHROMOSOME BY HYBRIDIZING (MATCHING) WITH THEM USED TO IDENTIFY GENETIC DISEASES CANCER CAUSES CARCINOGEN- THREE TYPES RADIATION- X-RAYS, ULTRAVIOLET= UV (SUN), RADON ORGANIC CHEMICALS- TOBACCO, HIGH FAT DIET, POLLUTANTS, DYES VIRUSES- HEPATITIS B- LIVER CANCER, GENITAL WARTSCERVICAL CANCER HEREDITY CERTAIN TYPES CAN BE INHERITED AS MUTATIONS BREAST, LUNG AND COLON- IF A FIRST DEGREE RELATIVE HAS IT THEN YOUR RISK INCREASES 2-3x SOME LESSER KNOWN CANCERS CAN BE INHERITED AS A DOMINANT ALLELE IMMUNODEFICIENCIES OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM SOMETIMES RECOGNIZES CANCER CELLS AS “BAD” AND ATTACKS THEM. IF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS WEAK (AIDS OR IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS) THE BODY IS LESS LIKELY TO ATTACK CERTAIN CANCERS. CARCINOGENESIS THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER 1. INITIATION- A MUTATION 2. PROMOTION- CELLS DIVIDE QUICKLY 3. PROGRESSION- CANCER CELLS INVADE BLOOD OR LYMPH VESSELS AND SPREAD TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY CANCER CELLS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE NO DIFFERENTIATIONDISORGANIZED LAYERING, GENERIC ROUND CELLS ABNORMAL NUCLEI- ENLARGED NUCLEUS, EXTRA OR MISSING CHROMOSOMES FORM TUMORS- CELLS KEEP DIVIDING, A MASS OF CELLS IS PRODUCED TUMORS BENIGN- TUMOR DOES NOT SPREAD, ENCAPSULATED MALIGNANT- TUMOR SHOWS SIGNS OF SPREADING, HAS ITS OWN BLOOD SUPPLY ANGIOGENESIS THE FORMATION OF NEW BLOOD VESSELS TO SUPPLY A TUMOR WITH OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS CANCER CELLS RELEASE A GROWTH FACTOR WHICH PROMOTES THE GROWTH OF NEW BLOOD VESSELS METASTASIS NEW TUMORS GROW IN LOCATIONS AWAY FROM THE PRIMARY TUMOR CANCER CELLS MUST PRODUCE A PROTEINASE ENZYME THAT EATS THROUGH SURROUNDING TISSUE. WHEN A BLOOD OR LYMPH VESSEL IS REACHED, CANCER CELLS ARE CARRIED ELSEWHERE WITH THE FLOW OF THESE FLUIDS PROGNOSIS= LIKELY OUTCOME DEPENDS ON: 1. IF THE PRIMARY TUMOR HAS INVADED SURROUNDING TISSUE 2. IF LYMPH NODES WERE INVADED 3. IF THERE ARE TUMORS IN OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY GENETIC BASIS PROTO-ONCOGENES- NORMAL GENES WHICH CODE FOR PROTEINS WHICH REGULATE CELL DIVISION A MUTATION CAN CHANGE THESE GENES INTO ONCOGENES. ONCOGENES- CAUSE CELL TO DIVIDE REPEATEDLY OTHER GENES TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES- CODE FOR REGULATORY PROTEINS THAT ACT TO SLOW DOWN OR PREVENT UNNECESSARY CELL DIVISION LIKE A BRAKE IF THESE “BRAKES” ARE DAMAGED, THEN CELL DIVISION MAY GET OUT OF CONTROL STATISTICAL CHANCES 1 OF EVERY 3 PEOPLE WILL DEVELOP CANCER AND 1 OF EVERY 4 WILL DIE FROM IT. DIAGNOSIS SCREENING TESTS CERVICAL- PAP SMEAR- LOOKED AT UNDER MICROSCOPE BREAST- SELF EXAM, MAMMOGRAM COLON- DIGITAL EXAM (FINGERS FEEL FOR RECTAL CANCER), SIGMOIDOSCOPY, STOOL BLOOD TEST, BARIUM ENEMA / X-RAY. SCREENING TESTS LEUKEMIA- BLOOD TESTS BLADDER- URINALYSIS FOR BLOOD OR CANCER CELLS TUMOR MARKER TESTS CANCER CELLS SOMETIMES PRODUCE FOREIGN CHEMICALS THAT SHOW UP IN BLOOD TESTS MEASURING THESE CHEMICALS CAN INDICATE THE PRESENCE OR PROGRESSION OF CANCER (PROSTATE CELLS MAKE PSA- OLDER MEN SHOULD GET A PSA TEST) HIGH PSA IN BLOOD MEANS OVERACTIVE PROSTATE CELLS- COULD BE CANCER GENETIC TESTS LOOK AT DNA SEQUENCES OF SPECIFIC GENES, USEFUL FOR DETERMINING CANCER RISKS LONG BEFORE A TUMOR DEVELOPS OTHER TESTS NEEDLE BIOPSIES DIRECTLY SAMPLES LUMP AND THEN SENT FOR MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION CAT AND MRI SCANS ULTRASOUND TREATMENT SURGERY- REMOVES CANCEROUS CELLS RADIATION- KILLS CANCEROUS CELLS (AS WELL AS SOME NORMAL CELLS) CHEMOTHERAPY- DRUGS THAT KILL CANCER CELLS BY DAMAGING DNA OR INTERFERING WITH WITH DNA SYNTHESIS CHEMOTHERAPY SPECIFIC DRUGS ARE USED ON SPECIFIC CANCERS DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF DRUGS CAN BE USED TO AVOID RESISTANCE PROBLEMS ANTIHORMONE THERAPY BLOCKS HORMONES THAT CAN CAUSE CANCER ESTROGEN- CAN LEAD TO CANCER OF BREAST TESTOSTERONE- CAN LEAD TO CANCER OF PROSTATE BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT SOMETIMES USED TO TREAT BLOOD CANCERS (Leukemia) BECAUSE BLOOD CELLS ARE MADE BY BONE MARROW 1. REMOVE BONE MARROW AND THEN KILL THE CANCEROUS CELLS IN IT 2. MASSIVE CHEMO AND RADIATION TO KILL ALL CANCER CELLS IN THE BODY 3. REPLACE BONE MARROW FUTURE TREATMENTS IMMUNOTHERAPY- BREED TUMOR KILLING WHITE BLOOD CELLS OR HOOK CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS TO ANTIBODIES WHICH WILL ATTACH TO TUMOR CELLS ANTI ANGIOGENESIS- DRUGS THAT CUT OFF BLOOD SUPPLY TO TUMOR ANTI METASTATIC- STOP ENZYME THAT ENABLES SPREAD GENE THERAPY- REPLACE ONCOGENES WITH PROTO ONCOGENES