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The Romans
Chapter 10-11
Video
Beginning of Rome
Geography
Alps
Italy
is a peninsula in southern Europe. It looks
like a high-heeled boot sticking out into the
Mediterranean Sea.
There
are two major mountain ranges. The Alps
Apennines
(tallest mountains in Europe) protect Italy from
invasion in the north. The Apennines runs through
the whole peninsula separating the east part from
the west part.
These mountains caused lots of river to form, and
lots of cities were built on these rivers.
The Beginning of Rome
The Romans had two legends about how their
civilization began.
1.) Aeneas (this epic actually came out last,
but takes place first in the story)
The Roman poet named Virgil wrote an epic
where a Trojan hero named Aeneas escapes
the city of Troy while it is being burned. He
escapes to the Italian peninsula.
When he gets there, he becomes a great
warrior for one of the kings and helps him
defeat all of his enemies. In return, the king lets
Aeneas marry his daughter.
2.) Romulus and Remus
A few generations later, a female descendant
of Aeneas gave birth to twin sons (whose father
was Mars, the Roman god of war). The mother
was afraid that the king might be fearful of them
and kill them, so she put them in a basket in the
Tiber River.
The basket was found by a wolf, and the twins
were raised as her pups for a few years before
they were found by a human couple and
adopted. When the boys grew up, they decided
to build a city on the spot where the wolf
rescued them. (Rome located on the Tiber
River).
They built the city on seven hills. They
disagreed over what to call it and got into a
fight. Romulus killed Remus and named the city
Rome.
The Etruscans
The Etruscans were a group of people who
lived in the northern part of Italy. They had
contact with the Greeks and are given credit for
teaching the Romans an alphabet and
numbers.
They also built many of the buildings in Rome,
brought togas to Rome, and built the first sewer
in Rome.
Which of the following statements is not
true regarding the Aryans?
A. They started off as
nomads
B. Their religion
influenced
Hinduism
C. Ancient India’s
primary language
comes from the
Aryans
D. They brought
civilization to India
Which of the following was not an impact
of the Aryan invasion?
A. A new language
dominated India
B. New religious ideas
were brought to India
C. India developed its
first written language
D. Native Indian cultures
were eventually
conquered
Symbol
Value
• I
1 (one) (unus)
• V
5 (five) (quinque)
• X
10 (ten) (decem)
• L
50 (fifty) (quinquaginta)
• C
100 (one hundred) (centum)
• D
500 (five hundred) (quingenti)
• M
1000 (one thousand) (mille)
These symbols add up to make numbers, such as:
III = 3 However, you can not use the same
symbol more than 3 times in a row, so 4 would be
IV, 9 would be IX, 19, would be XIX, etc.
1. You can not use the same symbol more than
three times in a row.
2. Break the number down into place values:
153 = 100+50+3.
3. Write the symbol(s) for each place value,
not the symbol for each number: CLIII
would be correct, not ILIII.
4. To avoid using the same symbol more than
three times in a row, use the subtraction
rule of little value before big: 4=IV, 90=XC.
1. Find the value (not the number) for each
Roman numeral (subtract in places where a
small value symbol comes before a larger
one). CXLIII = 100+40+1+1+1.
2. Add the values together and write the total
as an Arabic numeral: 100+40+1+1+1 = 143.
On which landform did the
civilization of Rome start?
A. Mesopotamia
B. Italian Peninsula
C. Sicily
D. the Alps
Which two major landforms made the
Italian Peninsula difficult to invade?
A. Alps and
Mediterranean
Sea
B. Tiber River and
Alps
C. Himalayas and
Gobi Desert
D. Apennine and Alps
Rome Develops
When Rome first developed it was
surrounded by other tribes. Most of these
tribes were more advanced than the
Romans were, however, the Romans began
learning from them.
The Romans adopted the language of the
Latin tribe (Latin), clothing and architecture
from the Etruscans. Many of Rome’s first
kings were Etruscans and helped modernize
Rome.
The last three kings of Rome were
Etruscans. The last Etruscan king was said
to have been so cruel, the aristocrats
overthrew him and created a new
government.
Rome the Republic
After the aristocrats got rid of the king in
509 BC, they changed Rome from a
monarchy into a republic. In a republic,
people elect leaders to run the government.
By electing a lot of leaders, they made sure
that no one person had too much power.
The Romans wanted to never have a king
ever again. So each leader was only elected
for one year. However, in a time of war, the
government could elect a dictator who
would have absolute power for six months.
Only the very wealthy aristocrats
(patricians) could be elected to office, so
regular people (plebeians) in Rome had very
little power. The plebeians began
demanding a change in the government
where they could have some power.
When the patricians refused, the plebeians
had their own elections and their own
government. This convinced the patricians
to change the government.
During one of Rome’s wars with its neighbors,
a consul and his army were trapped. Rome was
in danger of being conquered. Because of the
dangerous situation, the Senate wanted to elect
a dictator.
The Senate chose a former consul named
Cincinnatus, who had retired from public life.
Cincinnatus was made dictator (absolute power
for 6 months).
Cincinnatus defeated the enemy in 15 days
and immediately surrendered his power. Rome
was always afraid a dictator would refuse to
give up his power after 6 months. Cincinnatus
impressed Rome and became a hero by giving
the power back early.
The four basic social groups of the Vedas
eventually became what social hierarchy of
Hinduism?
A. Eightfold Path
B. dharma
C. karma
D. caste system
Which of the following kings is most
responsible for the spread of Buddhism?
A. Chandragupta Maurya
B. Asoka
C. Candra Gupta
D. Ramses
Roman Government During the
Republic
To keep the plebeians happy, the Roman
government created positions that only
plebeians could have. These people would
protect the rights and interests of the
plebeians.
After the Roman government created these
new positions, the Roman government had
three parts, each with different
responsibilities. This is very similar to the
way the United States government is divided
today.
Magistrates (Executive Branch)
Magistrates were elected each year to carry out
the business of the government. The two most
powerful magistrates were called consuls. The
consuls ran the city of Rome and would be in
charge of the military. There were two so that no
one person would have too much power.
The other magistrates would run the treasury, the
festivals, or would be judges.
Senate (Legislative Branch)
The Senate was originally created to advise the
king. But after they got rid of the king, the Senate
would advise the consuls and help make laws.
Senators held office for life. There were about
300 Romans in the Senate. Eventually, the
Senate became so powerful, they ran the
Roman government.
Assemblies and Tribunes (Plebeians)
This part of the government protected the
common people.
The assembly was made up of both plebeians
and patricians. It was their job to elect the
magistrates to run the city of Rome.
The tribunes were elected by the plebeians.
They had the power to veto the actions of other
officials. Each tribune only served one year.
Checks and Balances
Checks and balances make sure that no one
elected official or no one branch of government
becomes too powerful. The U.S. government
has checks and balances, and they got this
idea from the Roman government.
To keep the consuls from becoming too
powerful, one could veto the action of another.
Both had to agree before something became a
law.
Laws from the Senate had to be approved by
the magistrates and the assemblies. If the other
branches did not approve, it would not become
a law.
At first, the laws of Rome were not written
down and only the patricians knew what the
laws were. Sometimes the plebeians would be
punished for breaking laws they did not even
know existed.
To keep this from happening, the plebeians
demanded the laws be written down. The laws
were written down on twelve bronze tables and
hung in the Forum. These laws became known
as the Law of the Twelve Tables.
The Forum was the heart of the city of Rome.
All the most important buildings were located
there along with the marketplaces.
Which of the following characters
from Roman history would certainly
be considered mythical?
A. Cincinnatus
B. Julius Caesar
C. Aeneas
D. Augustus
What were the Romans hoping to
accomplish by establishing a republic as
their form of government?
A. To become the most
dominant civilization in
the world.
B. Improve on democracy.
C. Prevent Rome from ever
having a king again.
D. Give power to the
plebeians.
The Late Republic
Growth of the Republic
Rome was attacked and conquered by the
Gauls. Rome had to pay them to leave. Then
Rome’s neighbors began attacking Rome.
Rome fought back and took over their
neighbors.
The Romans started organizing their army into
legions (groups of up to 6,000 soldiers), and
centuries (legions divided into groups of 100).
This allowed them to attack as a large group, or
many small groups.
As the Roman republic got bigger it changed a
lot. Instead of most Romans being farmers,
most became soldiers. Slaves brought in from
the wars instead did the farming.
The Romans began trading with other
civilizations. They made coins which circulated
around the Mediterranean Sea area.
The Punic Wars
As Rome grew bigger, other civilizations
began seeing them as a threat. The first major
civilization to declare war on the Romans was
Carthage, a powerful city-state in northern
Africa.
The First Punic War
The first Punic War started when Carthage
sent its army to Sicily, a large island just off the
coast of Italy. Italy sent its armies to Sicily
where they engaged the armies of Carthage.
After twenty years of fighting, Rome defeated
Carthage and kicked them out of Sicily. Sicily
then became part of Rome.
The Second Punic War
About 30 years after the first Punic War, a
Carthage general named Hannibal led the army
into Rome starting the Second Punic War.
The general, named Hannibal, marched on
Rome and the Roman army was unable to stop
him. Hannibal brought war elephants with him.
However, many of them did not make it over the
Alps, and Hannibal could not bring siege
weapons over the mountains. So when he got
to Rome, he could not take it.
Rome sent an army to attack Carthage while
Hannibal was attacking Rome. This forced
Hannibal to march all the way back to
Carthage. By the time he got there, his army
was weak, starving, and many had died. The
Romans defeated Hannibal at the Battle of
Zama.
What major contribution did the
Romans make to writing in the
modern day?
A. The Aeneid is
considered the best
story ever written.
B. They invented paper.
C. We use the same
writing system that the
Romans did.
D. They were the first
culture to have
professional writers
called scribes.
What would the Roman Law of the
Twelve Tables have in common with the
Constitution of the United States today?
A. Both were written
by democracies.
B. Both were written
by dictators to give
power back to the
people.
C. Both were written to
protect the rights of
the people.
D. Both were first
written on tablets.
Third Punic War
Carthage again started to become more
powerful. This time, Rome declared war on
Carthage. They sailed to Carthage, burned it to
the ground, and took control of northern Africa.
After the Punic Wars, Rome also took over the
Greek empire. Instead of the Greeks accepting
Roman culture, the Romans liked Greek culture
so much, they adopted many parts of the Greek
culture.
Greek
Roman
Description
Zeus
Jupiter
Lord of the sky and supreme ruler of the
gods. Known for throwing lightening bolts.
Poseidon
Neptune
Ruler of the sea. Brother of Zeus. Carried a
three-pronged spear known as a trident.
Hades
Pluto
Ruler of the underworld and the dead.
Brother of Zeus. Had a helmet which
rendered its wearer invisible.
Vesta
A virgin goddess and sister of Zeus. No
distinct personality or part in myths.
Goddess of the Hearth, the symbol of the
home.
Hera
Juno
Zeus's wife and sister. Protector of
marriage, spent most of her time punishing
the many women Zeus fell in love with.
Likes cows and peacocks.
Ares
Mars
God of war and son of Zeus and Hera. Likes
vultures and dogs.
Minerva
Daughter of Zeus alone. No mother.(?) She
sprang from his head full-grown and in full
armor. The protector of civilized life,
handicrafts, and agriculture. Invented the
bridle, and first to tame the horse. Likes
Athens, olives, and owls.
Apollo
Apollo
Son of Zeus. Master musician, archer god,
healer, god of light, god of truth, sun god. A
busy god who likes the laurel tree,
dolphins, and crows.
Aphrodite
Venus
Daughter of Zeus. Goddess of Love and
Beauty. Likes the myrtle tree, doves,
sparrows, and swans.
Hermes
Mercury
Hestia
Athena
Son of Zeus. Wore wings on his sandals and
his hat, thus was graceful and swift.
Artemis
Diana
Apollo's twin sister and daughter of Zeus.
Lady of wild things and huntsman to the
gods. As Apollo is the Sun, Artemis is the
moon.
Hephaestus
Vulcan
Son of Hera, God of Fire. The only ugly and
deformed god. Makes armor and weapons
forged under volcanoes.
Problems With the Republic
As Rome got bigger, the patricians got even
wealthier and the plebeians remained poor.
Rome’s government started fearing there might
be a civil war.
The Gracchus Brothers
Tiberius Gracchus became consul and tried to
help the poor by taking land from the rich
patricians. The patricians assassinated
Tiberius. A few years later, his brother Gaius
became consul and tried the same thing. He
was also killed. This is the time Romans began
using assassination as a political tool.
When a man named Gaius Marius became
consul, Rome was in desperate need of troops.
To increase the numbers, he allowed plebeians
to join the military.
Because the consuls were the generals, and
they paid their troops, the troops became loyal
to the general instead of loyal to the republic.
Other generals began gaining troops too, and
generals competed with one another for power.
Another general named Sulla led his troops
against Marius’ troops. This was a Roman civil
war.
After Sulla beat Marius, he named himself
dictator and started killing anyone who was
against him. Sulla began gaining more and
more power for the consuls.
Not long after Sulla died, a slave by the name
of Spartacus led a rebellion against Rome. He
defeated the Roman army and took over a big
part of southern Italy. He was killed in one
battle, and after that the rebellion ended. But
problems in Rome still continued.
The Republic Becomes an Empire
The Roman Republic was in chaos. Generals
went to war just to gain more glory and power.
Plebeians were starving, and the Senate had
very little power.
Some people saw that the republic was in
danger. A man named Cicero was a talented
speech-maker argued that the answer was for
the patricians to help the plebeians, and to
restore the Senate’s authority to power to help
balance out the power again.
Cicero was killed and none of the problems
were fixed.
The Roman Republic had three main
problems.
1.) Patricians were at war with plebeians.
Plebeians were always fighting to get more
rights.
2.) The military was loyal to the generals, not the
government.
3.) Consuls had too much power.
Early in Rome’s history, they were
surrounded by hostile kingdoms. Which
kingdom was the first to take over the city of
Rome and demand a large payment from
the Roman government?
A. Persians
B. Gauls
C. Greeks
D. Etruscans
Which of the following conveys the
major impact of Roman gods and
goddesses in our society today?
A. Most of the planets in our solar
system are named for characters
from Roman mythology.
B. Roman deities are still worshipped
in many places today.
C. They inspired the Law of the Twelve
Tables.
D. Their temples are still the most
advanced buildings in the world.
Julius Caesar was a general in the Roman
army. He led his troops to conquer the Gauls
(modern day France). After this victory, the
Senate knew Caesar was popular enough to be
elected consul. They ordered him to return to
Rome.
Caesar knew if he returned by himself that he
would be killed. He also knew it was illegal for
him to return with his army. He decided to take
his army with him, which made him an enemy
of Rome. He took over Rome and named
himself dictator for life.
Caesar did a lot of good things with his new
power. He helped the plebeians and restored
peace to Rome. But many, especially many
Senators, feared he was becoming a king.
On March 15 in 44 BC, Caesar was making a
speech in the Senate. While making this
speech, a group of Senators stabbed Caesar to
death.
When Caesar was killed, Rome once again
broke out into civil war. Eventually the fight
came down to two people; Marc Antony, a
former friend of Caesar’s, and Caesar’s
adopted son named Octavian.
Which of the following principles is
not a Roman idea that has an impact
on our government today?
A. checks and balances
B. separation of powers
C. veto power
D. democracy
Which of the following leaders
became the example of what
Romans believed all leaders should
strive to be?
A. Cincinnatus
B. Julius Caesar
C. Augustus Caesar
D. Romulus
Antony and Octavian had worked together to
hunt down Julius Caesar’s murderers. But
eventually, each wanted Rome for themselves.
Octavian’s army defeated Antony’s in Rome.
Antony fled to Egypt where his new wife,
Cleopatra was pharaoh. Octavian attacked
Egypt to get to Antony. Antony and Cleopatra
committed suicide, leaving Octavian as the only
ruler of Rome.
After this battle, Octavian returned to Rome
and “surrendered his power to the Senate.” In
reality, he already had people running the
Senate that answered to him.
The Senate “rewarded Octavian’s great
deeds” by giving him the title “Augustus” or
revered one. When the Senate gave him this
name, historians say the Roman Republic died
and the Roman Empire began (27 B.C.)
Beginning with Augustus (pg. 329), the
Romans finally enjoyed about 200 years of
peace known as the Pax Romana. This period
of peace was the Golden Age of Rome
Roman Achievements
Romans made a major contribution to
architecture by inventing the arch and modern
concrete. The arch could support more weight
with less material than other architectural
designs. (pg. 326)
The Romans used the arch to build large
aqueducts to bring water to Rome, and for large
open buildings like the Coliseum, where the
gladiators fought. Concrete was their most-used
building material allowing their buildings to last
for thousands of years.
The Romans used the arch, to build huge
buildings, but often made them look like Greek
buildings by using pillars and covering the
outside with marble.
The Romans also copied Greek art. Their
paintings looked very realistic and their
sculptures looked like real people.
The Roman language was called Latin. Many
of our modern languages came from this
language including Italian, French, and
Spanish. These are called Romance
languages.
Even English uses many former Latin words
such as circus, veto, and et cetera (etc).
The Romans also spread the idea of having
written laws to many of the kingdoms that
became modern day countries such as Spain,
France, Germany, and England. This idea was
known as having civil laws.
A stable government, system of tax
collection, powerful army, and
construction of infrastructure (roads,
bridges, aqueducts) to improve trade
routes, all were factors in Rome’s...
A. Pax Romana
B. Victory in the Punic Wars
C. Change from republic to
empire
D. Choosing of an emperor
The Romans are credited for inventing
what building material that made many
of their large building projects possible?
A. granite
B. adobe
C. steel
D. concrete
Roman Empire and Religion
The Romans usually let the people they
conquered keep whatever religion they had.
There were a few that they did not like and
persecuted however. One of these was
Judaism.
The Romans worshipped many gods, and
would worship almost any new god they came
in contact with. The Jews were very strict in
worshipping one god and called all other gods
pagan (false) gods. The Romans did not like
this.
Even though they disliked Judaism, they pretty
much let the Jews worship until the Jews
rebelled against the Romans from 66-70 A.D.
After this rebellion, The Romans destroyed the
Jewish temple in Jerusalem, destroyed the city
of Jerusalem, and forced many Jews to move to
other places.
A New Religion Begins
A new religion began in Rome which branched
off of Judaism. A new religion called
Christianity was based on the teachings of a
Jew named Jesus of Nazareth.
Jewish prophets had said long before, that a
person would come to restore the glory of
Israel. It said he would be a descendant of King
David. The Jewish prophets called this person
they said would come “Messiah” which means
God’s anointed one.
Jews thought the Messiah was going to lead
them to freedom. When the Romans took over
Judea, many Jews thought the Messiah would
come soon.
Jesus, who Christians believe was the
Messiah, was born in the first century C.E. Most
of what we know about him we find in the
Christian holy text called the Bible.
The birth of Jesus marks the end of BC (BCE)
and the beginning of AD (CE) in our timeline.
The writings about the life of Jesus and the
letters his followers wrote make up the New
Testament of the Bible.
As Jesus taught, he attracted many followers.
Some of his teachings made the Jews mad
because he claimed to be the Messiah and also
claimed to be the son of God.
The Jewish leaders asked the Romans to
arrest Jesus. They put him on trial and
sentenced him to die by crucifixion (death by
hanging on a cross).
According to the Bible, Jesus was resurrected (came
back to life) after three days proving he was the Son of
God. People began calling him Jesus Christ. Christ is
the Greek word for Messiah. Christ is where the
religion gets its name “Christianity.” Those who
practice this religion are called Christians.
What Christians Believe
Jesus taught his followers that they should follow two
main rules. They were to love God, and love other
people.
He also taught that they could gain salvation, or
forgiveness for their sins. To have sins forgiven, you
had to acknowledge Jesus as Messiah and “repent” of
your sins. If someone did this and followed the
commandments, they would go to heaven.
-- Carthaginian general --- Used war elephants --Nearly conquered Rome during Punic Wars.
Which person below had the attributes listed
above?
A. Hadrian
B. Hannibal
C. Cicero
D. Spartacus
Which of the following pairs were the
last obstacle Octavian had to overcome
before taking on the role of the only
emperor of Rome?
A. Julius Caesar and Tiberius
Gracchus
B. Diocletian and Constantine
C. Tiberius and Gaius
Gracchus
D. Marc Antony and
Cleopatra
Jesus had twelve disciples that he chose to
make Apostles. He chose these men to spread
the new religion once He returned to Heaven.
Some of these apostles also wrote the first four
books of the New Testament known as The
Gospels.
The apostle that spread Christianity the most
after Jesus’ death was Paul of Tarsus. He was
a Jew who had been persecuting the
Christians, but later converted (changed his
beliefs). He spread Christianity outside of Judea
and throughout the Roman Empire.
Some of the Roman emperors feared that the
Christians might lead revolts like the Jews did,
so they outlawed Christianity in Rome. They
arrested, persecuted, and even killed many
Christians. Emperor Nero was one emperor
who fueled persecution toward early Christians.
Christians had to meet in secret until a Roman
emperor named Constantine became the first
Christian Roman emperor in the early 300s AD.
He made Christianity legal with the Edict of
Milan, then later made it the official religion of
the Roman Empire. This helped spread
Christianity even more.
Which of the following would not be
considered a Christian belief?
A. Jesus of Nazareth was
resurrected.
B. Jesus of Nazareth is
the promised Messiah
C. There is only one God.
D. Believe in only the New
Testament of the Bible.
Which of the following is not
true about Latin?
A. It was the language spoken
most in the Roman Empire.
B. It was the only language
spoken in the Roman
Empire.
C. Many modern-day languages
come from Latin including
Spanish and French.
D. It is still used in science and
medicine to this day
The End of the Empire
The Roman Empire was its largest during the
Pax Romana. But such a large empire takes a
lot of soldiers and a lot of money to defend.
Germanic tribes kept attacking Rome in the
north, and Persian armies kept attacking Rome
in the east. As long as Rome was united, they
could fight them off. However, when Rome
started having civil wars again, they started to
lose battles against their enemies as well.
As the attacks got more frequent, Romans
abandoned farming villages around the borders.
To keep enough food growing, the Romans let
Germanic farmers farm the land. Some of these
were the same Germanic people that were
attacking the borders. They listened to the
emperor less and less as time went on.
Defending the empire was also very
expensive, so the Romans had to keep raising
taxes. This made many of the people mad at
the Roman government.
Rome also had fewer and fewer good
emperors.
One Roman emperor, named Diocletian,
decided that the empire was too big for one
emperor to run. He divided the Roman empire
into the eastern part and western part, each
with its own emperor. This made things more
efficient and helped for a while.
Later on, Constantine actually moved the
capital of the Roman Empire to the east. He
moved the capital to a city named Byzantium.
When he finished remodeling, he renamed the
city Constantinople. After this, Rome was no
longer the most powerful city in the Roman
Empire.
The Decline of the Empire
At this time, the Huns were invading western Asia
and Eastern Europe. This pushed many of those
Germanic tribes living there into the Roman
Empire. The two main groups of Germanic
invaders were called the Visigoths and the
Ostrogoths.
After centuries of fighting, the Visigoths destroyed
Rome. This encouraged other groups to start
attacking including the Vandals, Angles, Saxons,
and Franks.
The western part of Rome did not have any
strong emperors to fight off the invaders, and the
last western Roman emperor was defeated in 476
AD.
Many of Rome’s emperors were corrupt (only
worried about themselves, not the citizens).
Also, as taxes got higher, everything became
more expensive which made even more
Romans poor.
While the western part was in trouble, the
eastern part of the Roman Empire was
becoming more powerful.
Even though the Eastern part was still
technically a part of the Roman Empire, it
developed its own culture.
What was the main reason that some
members of the Senate assassinated
Julius Caesar?
A. He was not very nice to
them.
B. He was abusing his
power and the people
called for the Senate to
do something.
C. They feared he was
becoming a king.
D. He lost a major battle to
the Gauls.
-- Made Christianity legal in the Roman
Empire -- Moved the capital of the Roman
Empire to Constantinople -- First Roman
Emperor to become Christian.
Which Roman emperor is being described
above?
A. Diocletian
B. Constantine
C. Julius Caesar
D. Marc Antony
They spoke Greek instead of Latin, developed a
different version of Christianity called the
“Orthodox Church,” and historians even call them
by a different name. They called them the
Byzantines.
One main reason the Byzantines became so
powerful was because they had some good
emperors.
Justinian and Theodora
Justinian dreamed of reuniting the Eastern and
Western parts of the empire.
To keep his part of the empire running smoothly,
he came up with his own system of written laws
called Justinian’s Code. His code treated all people
fairly.
Even with the laws, some people wanted to
get rid of him. A group revolted and Justinian
had to decide whether to stay and fight, or run
for his life. His smart wife named Theodora
convinced him to stay, and he won. He didn’t
have many troubles after that.
Justinian was the last strong emperor of the
Byzantines. The eastern Roman empire (The
Byzantines) was defeated by the Turks in 1453
AD.
What major impact did Rome’s
standardized currency and focus on
infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc.) have
on the Roman Empire?
A. The Roman army could travel
quickly to all parts of the
empire.
B. Trade was much easier,
therefore trade expanded.
C. They became the strongest
empire the world has ever
seen.
D. Constantine became thought of
as Rome’s greatest leader.
How did Spartacus and other slaves in
his group differ from many other slave
classes in Rome at the time?
A. They were abused.
B. They had no rights.
C. They had no hope of ever
being free.
D. They led a rebellion
against Rome.
All of the following played a major role
in the collapse of the Roman Empire
except...
A. Roman emperors became
very corrupt.
B. They were under constant
attack from Carthage.
C. They kept raising taxes
making their citizens poor.
D. Rome was fighting too
many wars in too many
far-away areas.
Which of the following people was
most responsible for the spread of
Christianity in the Roman Empire
and beyond?
A. Jesus of Nazareth
B. Octavian
C. Paul
D. Diocletian
Which Germanic tribe finally destroyed
the city of Rome in 410 CE?
A. Visigoths
B. Ostrogoths
C. Carthage
D. Gauls
Eventually the Tiber River did not have
enough fresh water for all the people
living in the city of Rome. What did
Romans start building to bring water
from far away streams into the city?
A. bridges
B. arches
C. canals
D. aqueducts
The Roman Empire conquered parts of
all the following continents except...
A. Asia
B. Europe
C. North America
D. Africa