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The Romans Chapter 10-11 Video Beginning of Rome Geography Alps Italy is a peninsula in southern Europe. It looks like a high-heeled boot sticking out into the Mediterranean Sea. There are two major mountain ranges. The Alps Apennines (tallest mountains in Europe) protect Italy from invasion in the north. The Apennines runs through the whole peninsula separating the east part from the west part. These mountains caused lots of river to form, and lots of cities were built on these rivers. The Beginning of Rome The Romans had two legends about how their civilization began. 1.) Aeneas (this epic actually came out last, but takes place first in the story) The Roman poet named Virgil wrote an epic where a Trojan hero named Aeneas escapes the city of Troy while it is being burned. He escapes to the Italian peninsula. When he gets there, he becomes a great warrior for one of the kings and helps him defeat all of his enemies. In return, the king lets Aeneas marry his daughter. 2.) Romulus and Remus A few generations later, a female descendant of Aeneas gave birth to twin sons (whose father was Mars, the Roman god of war). The mother was afraid that the king might be fearful of them and kill them, so she put them in a basket in the Tiber River. The basket was found by a wolf, and the twins were raised as her pups for a few years before they were found by a human couple and adopted. When the boys grew up, they decided to build a city on the spot where the wolf rescued them. (Rome located on the Tiber River). They built the city on seven hills. They disagreed over what to call it and got into a fight. Romulus killed Remus and named the city Rome. The Etruscans The Etruscans were a group of people who lived in the northern part of Italy. They had contact with the Greeks and are given credit for teaching the Romans an alphabet and numbers. They also built many of the buildings in Rome, brought togas to Rome, and built the first sewer in Rome. Which of the following statements is not true regarding the Aryans? A. They started off as nomads B. Their religion influenced Hinduism C. Ancient India’s primary language comes from the Aryans D. They brought civilization to India Which of the following was not an impact of the Aryan invasion? A. A new language dominated India B. New religious ideas were brought to India C. India developed its first written language D. Native Indian cultures were eventually conquered Symbol Value • I 1 (one) (unus) • V 5 (five) (quinque) • X 10 (ten) (decem) • L 50 (fifty) (quinquaginta) • C 100 (one hundred) (centum) • D 500 (five hundred) (quingenti) • M 1000 (one thousand) (mille) These symbols add up to make numbers, such as: III = 3 However, you can not use the same symbol more than 3 times in a row, so 4 would be IV, 9 would be IX, 19, would be XIX, etc. 1. You can not use the same symbol more than three times in a row. 2. Break the number down into place values: 153 = 100+50+3. 3. Write the symbol(s) for each place value, not the symbol for each number: CLIII would be correct, not ILIII. 4. To avoid using the same symbol more than three times in a row, use the subtraction rule of little value before big: 4=IV, 90=XC. 1. Find the value (not the number) for each Roman numeral (subtract in places where a small value symbol comes before a larger one). CXLIII = 100+40+1+1+1. 2. Add the values together and write the total as an Arabic numeral: 100+40+1+1+1 = 143. On which landform did the civilization of Rome start? A. Mesopotamia B. Italian Peninsula C. Sicily D. the Alps Which two major landforms made the Italian Peninsula difficult to invade? A. Alps and Mediterranean Sea B. Tiber River and Alps C. Himalayas and Gobi Desert D. Apennine and Alps Rome Develops When Rome first developed it was surrounded by other tribes. Most of these tribes were more advanced than the Romans were, however, the Romans began learning from them. The Romans adopted the language of the Latin tribe (Latin), clothing and architecture from the Etruscans. Many of Rome’s first kings were Etruscans and helped modernize Rome. The last three kings of Rome were Etruscans. The last Etruscan king was said to have been so cruel, the aristocrats overthrew him and created a new government. Rome the Republic After the aristocrats got rid of the king in 509 BC, they changed Rome from a monarchy into a republic. In a republic, people elect leaders to run the government. By electing a lot of leaders, they made sure that no one person had too much power. The Romans wanted to never have a king ever again. So each leader was only elected for one year. However, in a time of war, the government could elect a dictator who would have absolute power for six months. Only the very wealthy aristocrats (patricians) could be elected to office, so regular people (plebeians) in Rome had very little power. The plebeians began demanding a change in the government where they could have some power. When the patricians refused, the plebeians had their own elections and their own government. This convinced the patricians to change the government. During one of Rome’s wars with its neighbors, a consul and his army were trapped. Rome was in danger of being conquered. Because of the dangerous situation, the Senate wanted to elect a dictator. The Senate chose a former consul named Cincinnatus, who had retired from public life. Cincinnatus was made dictator (absolute power for 6 months). Cincinnatus defeated the enemy in 15 days and immediately surrendered his power. Rome was always afraid a dictator would refuse to give up his power after 6 months. Cincinnatus impressed Rome and became a hero by giving the power back early. The four basic social groups of the Vedas eventually became what social hierarchy of Hinduism? A. Eightfold Path B. dharma C. karma D. caste system Which of the following kings is most responsible for the spread of Buddhism? A. Chandragupta Maurya B. Asoka C. Candra Gupta D. Ramses Roman Government During the Republic To keep the plebeians happy, the Roman government created positions that only plebeians could have. These people would protect the rights and interests of the plebeians. After the Roman government created these new positions, the Roman government had three parts, each with different responsibilities. This is very similar to the way the United States government is divided today. Magistrates (Executive Branch) Magistrates were elected each year to carry out the business of the government. The two most powerful magistrates were called consuls. The consuls ran the city of Rome and would be in charge of the military. There were two so that no one person would have too much power. The other magistrates would run the treasury, the festivals, or would be judges. Senate (Legislative Branch) The Senate was originally created to advise the king. But after they got rid of the king, the Senate would advise the consuls and help make laws. Senators held office for life. There were about 300 Romans in the Senate. Eventually, the Senate became so powerful, they ran the Roman government. Assemblies and Tribunes (Plebeians) This part of the government protected the common people. The assembly was made up of both plebeians and patricians. It was their job to elect the magistrates to run the city of Rome. The tribunes were elected by the plebeians. They had the power to veto the actions of other officials. Each tribune only served one year. Checks and Balances Checks and balances make sure that no one elected official or no one branch of government becomes too powerful. The U.S. government has checks and balances, and they got this idea from the Roman government. To keep the consuls from becoming too powerful, one could veto the action of another. Both had to agree before something became a law. Laws from the Senate had to be approved by the magistrates and the assemblies. If the other branches did not approve, it would not become a law. At first, the laws of Rome were not written down and only the patricians knew what the laws were. Sometimes the plebeians would be punished for breaking laws they did not even know existed. To keep this from happening, the plebeians demanded the laws be written down. The laws were written down on twelve bronze tables and hung in the Forum. These laws became known as the Law of the Twelve Tables. The Forum was the heart of the city of Rome. All the most important buildings were located there along with the marketplaces. Which of the following characters from Roman history would certainly be considered mythical? A. Cincinnatus B. Julius Caesar C. Aeneas D. Augustus What were the Romans hoping to accomplish by establishing a republic as their form of government? A. To become the most dominant civilization in the world. B. Improve on democracy. C. Prevent Rome from ever having a king again. D. Give power to the plebeians. The Late Republic Growth of the Republic Rome was attacked and conquered by the Gauls. Rome had to pay them to leave. Then Rome’s neighbors began attacking Rome. Rome fought back and took over their neighbors. The Romans started organizing their army into legions (groups of up to 6,000 soldiers), and centuries (legions divided into groups of 100). This allowed them to attack as a large group, or many small groups. As the Roman republic got bigger it changed a lot. Instead of most Romans being farmers, most became soldiers. Slaves brought in from the wars instead did the farming. The Romans began trading with other civilizations. They made coins which circulated around the Mediterranean Sea area. The Punic Wars As Rome grew bigger, other civilizations began seeing them as a threat. The first major civilization to declare war on the Romans was Carthage, a powerful city-state in northern Africa. The First Punic War The first Punic War started when Carthage sent its army to Sicily, a large island just off the coast of Italy. Italy sent its armies to Sicily where they engaged the armies of Carthage. After twenty years of fighting, Rome defeated Carthage and kicked them out of Sicily. Sicily then became part of Rome. The Second Punic War About 30 years after the first Punic War, a Carthage general named Hannibal led the army into Rome starting the Second Punic War. The general, named Hannibal, marched on Rome and the Roman army was unable to stop him. Hannibal brought war elephants with him. However, many of them did not make it over the Alps, and Hannibal could not bring siege weapons over the mountains. So when he got to Rome, he could not take it. Rome sent an army to attack Carthage while Hannibal was attacking Rome. This forced Hannibal to march all the way back to Carthage. By the time he got there, his army was weak, starving, and many had died. The Romans defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama. What major contribution did the Romans make to writing in the modern day? A. The Aeneid is considered the best story ever written. B. They invented paper. C. We use the same writing system that the Romans did. D. They were the first culture to have professional writers called scribes. What would the Roman Law of the Twelve Tables have in common with the Constitution of the United States today? A. Both were written by democracies. B. Both were written by dictators to give power back to the people. C. Both were written to protect the rights of the people. D. Both were first written on tablets. Third Punic War Carthage again started to become more powerful. This time, Rome declared war on Carthage. They sailed to Carthage, burned it to the ground, and took control of northern Africa. After the Punic Wars, Rome also took over the Greek empire. Instead of the Greeks accepting Roman culture, the Romans liked Greek culture so much, they adopted many parts of the Greek culture. Greek Roman Description Zeus Jupiter Lord of the sky and supreme ruler of the gods. Known for throwing lightening bolts. Poseidon Neptune Ruler of the sea. Brother of Zeus. Carried a three-pronged spear known as a trident. Hades Pluto Ruler of the underworld and the dead. Brother of Zeus. Had a helmet which rendered its wearer invisible. Vesta A virgin goddess and sister of Zeus. No distinct personality or part in myths. Goddess of the Hearth, the symbol of the home. Hera Juno Zeus's wife and sister. Protector of marriage, spent most of her time punishing the many women Zeus fell in love with. Likes cows and peacocks. Ares Mars God of war and son of Zeus and Hera. Likes vultures and dogs. Minerva Daughter of Zeus alone. No mother.(?) She sprang from his head full-grown and in full armor. The protector of civilized life, handicrafts, and agriculture. Invented the bridle, and first to tame the horse. Likes Athens, olives, and owls. Apollo Apollo Son of Zeus. Master musician, archer god, healer, god of light, god of truth, sun god. A busy god who likes the laurel tree, dolphins, and crows. Aphrodite Venus Daughter of Zeus. Goddess of Love and Beauty. Likes the myrtle tree, doves, sparrows, and swans. Hermes Mercury Hestia Athena Son of Zeus. Wore wings on his sandals and his hat, thus was graceful and swift. Artemis Diana Apollo's twin sister and daughter of Zeus. Lady of wild things and huntsman to the gods. As Apollo is the Sun, Artemis is the moon. Hephaestus Vulcan Son of Hera, God of Fire. The only ugly and deformed god. Makes armor and weapons forged under volcanoes. Problems With the Republic As Rome got bigger, the patricians got even wealthier and the plebeians remained poor. Rome’s government started fearing there might be a civil war. The Gracchus Brothers Tiberius Gracchus became consul and tried to help the poor by taking land from the rich patricians. The patricians assassinated Tiberius. A few years later, his brother Gaius became consul and tried the same thing. He was also killed. This is the time Romans began using assassination as a political tool. When a man named Gaius Marius became consul, Rome was in desperate need of troops. To increase the numbers, he allowed plebeians to join the military. Because the consuls were the generals, and they paid their troops, the troops became loyal to the general instead of loyal to the republic. Other generals began gaining troops too, and generals competed with one another for power. Another general named Sulla led his troops against Marius’ troops. This was a Roman civil war. After Sulla beat Marius, he named himself dictator and started killing anyone who was against him. Sulla began gaining more and more power for the consuls. Not long after Sulla died, a slave by the name of Spartacus led a rebellion against Rome. He defeated the Roman army and took over a big part of southern Italy. He was killed in one battle, and after that the rebellion ended. But problems in Rome still continued. The Republic Becomes an Empire The Roman Republic was in chaos. Generals went to war just to gain more glory and power. Plebeians were starving, and the Senate had very little power. Some people saw that the republic was in danger. A man named Cicero was a talented speech-maker argued that the answer was for the patricians to help the plebeians, and to restore the Senate’s authority to power to help balance out the power again. Cicero was killed and none of the problems were fixed. The Roman Republic had three main problems. 1.) Patricians were at war with plebeians. Plebeians were always fighting to get more rights. 2.) The military was loyal to the generals, not the government. 3.) Consuls had too much power. Early in Rome’s history, they were surrounded by hostile kingdoms. Which kingdom was the first to take over the city of Rome and demand a large payment from the Roman government? A. Persians B. Gauls C. Greeks D. Etruscans Which of the following conveys the major impact of Roman gods and goddesses in our society today? A. Most of the planets in our solar system are named for characters from Roman mythology. B. Roman deities are still worshipped in many places today. C. They inspired the Law of the Twelve Tables. D. Their temples are still the most advanced buildings in the world. Julius Caesar was a general in the Roman army. He led his troops to conquer the Gauls (modern day France). After this victory, the Senate knew Caesar was popular enough to be elected consul. They ordered him to return to Rome. Caesar knew if he returned by himself that he would be killed. He also knew it was illegal for him to return with his army. He decided to take his army with him, which made him an enemy of Rome. He took over Rome and named himself dictator for life. Caesar did a lot of good things with his new power. He helped the plebeians and restored peace to Rome. But many, especially many Senators, feared he was becoming a king. On March 15 in 44 BC, Caesar was making a speech in the Senate. While making this speech, a group of Senators stabbed Caesar to death. When Caesar was killed, Rome once again broke out into civil war. Eventually the fight came down to two people; Marc Antony, a former friend of Caesar’s, and Caesar’s adopted son named Octavian. Which of the following principles is not a Roman idea that has an impact on our government today? A. checks and balances B. separation of powers C. veto power D. democracy Which of the following leaders became the example of what Romans believed all leaders should strive to be? A. Cincinnatus B. Julius Caesar C. Augustus Caesar D. Romulus Antony and Octavian had worked together to hunt down Julius Caesar’s murderers. But eventually, each wanted Rome for themselves. Octavian’s army defeated Antony’s in Rome. Antony fled to Egypt where his new wife, Cleopatra was pharaoh. Octavian attacked Egypt to get to Antony. Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide, leaving Octavian as the only ruler of Rome. After this battle, Octavian returned to Rome and “surrendered his power to the Senate.” In reality, he already had people running the Senate that answered to him. The Senate “rewarded Octavian’s great deeds” by giving him the title “Augustus” or revered one. When the Senate gave him this name, historians say the Roman Republic died and the Roman Empire began (27 B.C.) Beginning with Augustus (pg. 329), the Romans finally enjoyed about 200 years of peace known as the Pax Romana. This period of peace was the Golden Age of Rome Roman Achievements Romans made a major contribution to architecture by inventing the arch and modern concrete. The arch could support more weight with less material than other architectural designs. (pg. 326) The Romans used the arch to build large aqueducts to bring water to Rome, and for large open buildings like the Coliseum, where the gladiators fought. Concrete was their most-used building material allowing their buildings to last for thousands of years. The Romans used the arch, to build huge buildings, but often made them look like Greek buildings by using pillars and covering the outside with marble. The Romans also copied Greek art. Their paintings looked very realistic and their sculptures looked like real people. The Roman language was called Latin. Many of our modern languages came from this language including Italian, French, and Spanish. These are called Romance languages. Even English uses many former Latin words such as circus, veto, and et cetera (etc). The Romans also spread the idea of having written laws to many of the kingdoms that became modern day countries such as Spain, France, Germany, and England. This idea was known as having civil laws. A stable government, system of tax collection, powerful army, and construction of infrastructure (roads, bridges, aqueducts) to improve trade routes, all were factors in Rome’s... A. Pax Romana B. Victory in the Punic Wars C. Change from republic to empire D. Choosing of an emperor The Romans are credited for inventing what building material that made many of their large building projects possible? A. granite B. adobe C. steel D. concrete Roman Empire and Religion The Romans usually let the people they conquered keep whatever religion they had. There were a few that they did not like and persecuted however. One of these was Judaism. The Romans worshipped many gods, and would worship almost any new god they came in contact with. The Jews were very strict in worshipping one god and called all other gods pagan (false) gods. The Romans did not like this. Even though they disliked Judaism, they pretty much let the Jews worship until the Jews rebelled against the Romans from 66-70 A.D. After this rebellion, The Romans destroyed the Jewish temple in Jerusalem, destroyed the city of Jerusalem, and forced many Jews to move to other places. A New Religion Begins A new religion began in Rome which branched off of Judaism. A new religion called Christianity was based on the teachings of a Jew named Jesus of Nazareth. Jewish prophets had said long before, that a person would come to restore the glory of Israel. It said he would be a descendant of King David. The Jewish prophets called this person they said would come “Messiah” which means God’s anointed one. Jews thought the Messiah was going to lead them to freedom. When the Romans took over Judea, many Jews thought the Messiah would come soon. Jesus, who Christians believe was the Messiah, was born in the first century C.E. Most of what we know about him we find in the Christian holy text called the Bible. The birth of Jesus marks the end of BC (BCE) and the beginning of AD (CE) in our timeline. The writings about the life of Jesus and the letters his followers wrote make up the New Testament of the Bible. As Jesus taught, he attracted many followers. Some of his teachings made the Jews mad because he claimed to be the Messiah and also claimed to be the son of God. The Jewish leaders asked the Romans to arrest Jesus. They put him on trial and sentenced him to die by crucifixion (death by hanging on a cross). According to the Bible, Jesus was resurrected (came back to life) after three days proving he was the Son of God. People began calling him Jesus Christ. Christ is the Greek word for Messiah. Christ is where the religion gets its name “Christianity.” Those who practice this religion are called Christians. What Christians Believe Jesus taught his followers that they should follow two main rules. They were to love God, and love other people. He also taught that they could gain salvation, or forgiveness for their sins. To have sins forgiven, you had to acknowledge Jesus as Messiah and “repent” of your sins. If someone did this and followed the commandments, they would go to heaven. -- Carthaginian general --- Used war elephants --Nearly conquered Rome during Punic Wars. Which person below had the attributes listed above? A. Hadrian B. Hannibal C. Cicero D. Spartacus Which of the following pairs were the last obstacle Octavian had to overcome before taking on the role of the only emperor of Rome? A. Julius Caesar and Tiberius Gracchus B. Diocletian and Constantine C. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus D. Marc Antony and Cleopatra Jesus had twelve disciples that he chose to make Apostles. He chose these men to spread the new religion once He returned to Heaven. Some of these apostles also wrote the first four books of the New Testament known as The Gospels. The apostle that spread Christianity the most after Jesus’ death was Paul of Tarsus. He was a Jew who had been persecuting the Christians, but later converted (changed his beliefs). He spread Christianity outside of Judea and throughout the Roman Empire. Some of the Roman emperors feared that the Christians might lead revolts like the Jews did, so they outlawed Christianity in Rome. They arrested, persecuted, and even killed many Christians. Emperor Nero was one emperor who fueled persecution toward early Christians. Christians had to meet in secret until a Roman emperor named Constantine became the first Christian Roman emperor in the early 300s AD. He made Christianity legal with the Edict of Milan, then later made it the official religion of the Roman Empire. This helped spread Christianity even more. Which of the following would not be considered a Christian belief? A. Jesus of Nazareth was resurrected. B. Jesus of Nazareth is the promised Messiah C. There is only one God. D. Believe in only the New Testament of the Bible. Which of the following is not true about Latin? A. It was the language spoken most in the Roman Empire. B. It was the only language spoken in the Roman Empire. C. Many modern-day languages come from Latin including Spanish and French. D. It is still used in science and medicine to this day The End of the Empire The Roman Empire was its largest during the Pax Romana. But such a large empire takes a lot of soldiers and a lot of money to defend. Germanic tribes kept attacking Rome in the north, and Persian armies kept attacking Rome in the east. As long as Rome was united, they could fight them off. However, when Rome started having civil wars again, they started to lose battles against their enemies as well. As the attacks got more frequent, Romans abandoned farming villages around the borders. To keep enough food growing, the Romans let Germanic farmers farm the land. Some of these were the same Germanic people that were attacking the borders. They listened to the emperor less and less as time went on. Defending the empire was also very expensive, so the Romans had to keep raising taxes. This made many of the people mad at the Roman government. Rome also had fewer and fewer good emperors. One Roman emperor, named Diocletian, decided that the empire was too big for one emperor to run. He divided the Roman empire into the eastern part and western part, each with its own emperor. This made things more efficient and helped for a while. Later on, Constantine actually moved the capital of the Roman Empire to the east. He moved the capital to a city named Byzantium. When he finished remodeling, he renamed the city Constantinople. After this, Rome was no longer the most powerful city in the Roman Empire. The Decline of the Empire At this time, the Huns were invading western Asia and Eastern Europe. This pushed many of those Germanic tribes living there into the Roman Empire. The two main groups of Germanic invaders were called the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. After centuries of fighting, the Visigoths destroyed Rome. This encouraged other groups to start attacking including the Vandals, Angles, Saxons, and Franks. The western part of Rome did not have any strong emperors to fight off the invaders, and the last western Roman emperor was defeated in 476 AD. Many of Rome’s emperors were corrupt (only worried about themselves, not the citizens). Also, as taxes got higher, everything became more expensive which made even more Romans poor. While the western part was in trouble, the eastern part of the Roman Empire was becoming more powerful. Even though the Eastern part was still technically a part of the Roman Empire, it developed its own culture. What was the main reason that some members of the Senate assassinated Julius Caesar? A. He was not very nice to them. B. He was abusing his power and the people called for the Senate to do something. C. They feared he was becoming a king. D. He lost a major battle to the Gauls. -- Made Christianity legal in the Roman Empire -- Moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople -- First Roman Emperor to become Christian. Which Roman emperor is being described above? A. Diocletian B. Constantine C. Julius Caesar D. Marc Antony They spoke Greek instead of Latin, developed a different version of Christianity called the “Orthodox Church,” and historians even call them by a different name. They called them the Byzantines. One main reason the Byzantines became so powerful was because they had some good emperors. Justinian and Theodora Justinian dreamed of reuniting the Eastern and Western parts of the empire. To keep his part of the empire running smoothly, he came up with his own system of written laws called Justinian’s Code. His code treated all people fairly. Even with the laws, some people wanted to get rid of him. A group revolted and Justinian had to decide whether to stay and fight, or run for his life. His smart wife named Theodora convinced him to stay, and he won. He didn’t have many troubles after that. Justinian was the last strong emperor of the Byzantines. The eastern Roman empire (The Byzantines) was defeated by the Turks in 1453 AD. What major impact did Rome’s standardized currency and focus on infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc.) have on the Roman Empire? A. The Roman army could travel quickly to all parts of the empire. B. Trade was much easier, therefore trade expanded. C. They became the strongest empire the world has ever seen. D. Constantine became thought of as Rome’s greatest leader. How did Spartacus and other slaves in his group differ from many other slave classes in Rome at the time? A. They were abused. B. They had no rights. C. They had no hope of ever being free. D. They led a rebellion against Rome. All of the following played a major role in the collapse of the Roman Empire except... A. Roman emperors became very corrupt. B. They were under constant attack from Carthage. C. They kept raising taxes making their citizens poor. D. Rome was fighting too many wars in too many far-away areas. Which of the following people was most responsible for the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire and beyond? A. Jesus of Nazareth B. Octavian C. Paul D. Diocletian Which Germanic tribe finally destroyed the city of Rome in 410 CE? A. Visigoths B. Ostrogoths C. Carthage D. Gauls Eventually the Tiber River did not have enough fresh water for all the people living in the city of Rome. What did Romans start building to bring water from far away streams into the city? A. bridges B. arches C. canals D. aqueducts The Roman Empire conquered parts of all the following continents except... A. Asia B. Europe C. North America D. Africa