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Introduction to Psychology 2e Chapter 8 #8 1 Tick Answer d Question All psychology is social because a) the behaviour and thoughts of individuals are influenced by others b) humans are social creatures c) we become human only through our interaction with others d) all of the above 2 b What is meant by the individual-social dualism? a) psychology has tended to emphasise the social over the individual realm b) psychology has artificially separated the individual and social realms c) people operate either as individuals or as social beings d) individuals are largely products of the social 3 a In social psychology, four levels of explanation were proposed by Doise to explain people’s actions. These are a) individual, interpersonal, positional, and ideological b) cognition, affective processes, conative processes, and motivation c) racism, patriarchy, ideology and Westernism d) biological, individual, group, and ideological 4 c Choose the correct example: Individual level a) e.g. racism 5 Introduction to Psychology 2e Lecturer Support Material c Interpersonal level b) e.g. patriarchy Positional level c) e.g. white male privilege Ideological level d) e.g. cognitions The three main approaches to social psychology are: a) individualistic approaches, interpersonal approaches, and ideological approaches b) social identity theory, social constructionism, and Gestalt psychology c) individualistic approaches, social identity theory, and social constructionism d) folk psychology, discourse analysis, and social representations. ISBN: 9781919895024 © Juta and Company Limited, 2012 1 6 a The fact that many black South Africans are still poorer than white South Africans, illustrates a) the legacy of our historical past b) the influence of Westernisation c) the influence of modernisation d) all of the above 7 d From when can we date the origins of social psychology? a) Sigmund Freud’s works on group psychology during the 1920’s b) The study of prejudice and stereotyping after the Holocaust c) Adorno’s study of the authoritarian personality in 1950 d) Gustav le Bon’s influential book ‘The Crowd’ in the 1890’s 8 b Social identity theory is associated with a) Stanley Milgram b) Henri Tajfel c) Solomon Asch d) Serge Moscovici 9 a Since the 1960’s, American social psychological research has tended to focus on a) social cognition b) social constructionism c) social identity theory d) social representations 10 c Within the ‘mainstream’ approach to social psychology, the ___ is taken as the primary unit of analysis a) group b) society c) individual d) interpersonal 11 b The three sets of processes associated with the individualistic approach are a) cognition, emotion, and motivation b) cognition, affect, and conation c) intra-personal, interpersonal, and group d) none of the above 12 a Mainstream social psychology has tended to focus on empirical evidence. This means a) evidence obtained through the physical senses b) evidence obtained through subjective experience c) evidence obtained through speculation d) evidence obtained through discursive analysis Introduction to Psychology 2e Lecturer Support Material ISBN: 9781919895024 © Juta and Company Limited, 2012 2 13 d According to Allport, an attitude is a) an invisible, inner process b) a social negotiation between people c) evaluative d) both a and c above 14 a The most difficult attitude to change would be one that has a) clear direction, greater strength, and higher centrality b) clear direction, moderate strength, and higher centrality c) clear direction, greater strength, and low centrality d) clear direction, moderate strength, and moderate centrality 15 b Choose the most correct option regarding the theory of reasoned action a) attitudes directly produce the intention to perform a behaviour b) the intention to perform a behaviour is formed from the interaction between subjective norms and attitudes c) cognitions determine one’s intention to perform an action d) there is no connection between attitudes and behaviour 16 d A teenage boy’s decision to not use a condom is a function of a) his negative attitude towards using condoms b) the fact that his peers do not support the use of condoms c) his lack of exposure to safe sex messages d) the combination of his attitude and the internalised norms of his peer group 17 c According to the persuasive communications approach, which of the following factors must be considered in influencing change? a) the age, race and concentration level of the receivers b) the celebrity status of the medium c) the source of the message, the style of the message, and factors in the receiver d) the accessibility of the media and the celebrity status of the medium. 18 a The three routes to changing attitudes are a) persuasive communication, cognitive dissonance, and the contact hypothesis b) persuasive communication, elaboration likelihood, and the contact hypothesis c) persuasive communication, cognitive elaboration, and elaboration likelihood d) cognitive dissonance, the contact hypothesis, and elaboration likelihood Introduction to Psychology 2e Lecturer Support Material ISBN: 9781919895024 © Juta and Company Limited, 2012 3 19 d Heuristic processing refers to a) deep processing b) processing based on peripheral factors c) taking a short cut in processing information d) both b and c above 20 b An advertisement promoting condom use was aired on a night when there was a television blackout. This is an example of the influence of ___ on affecting change. a) channel b) context c) source of message d) elaboration 21 a The introduction of strict anti-smoking laws in an attempt to change people’s smoking behaviour, is an example of the a) cognitive dissonance theory b) contact hypothesis c) use of the law to affect change d) use of coercion 22 d Research has shown that cognitive dissonance is only significant in affecting change if one’s ___ is involved in the issue. a) normative beliefs b) subjective beliefs c) attitudes d) overall self-concept 23 d The problem with the contact hypothesis is that a) it is difficult to establish contact between different groups b) certain optimal conditions of contact should be met c) participants often do not generalise positive attitudes to other situations d) both b and c above 24 c The contact hypothesis was originally proposed by a) Leon Festinger b) Floyd Allport c) Gordon Allport d) Fishbein and Ajzen 25 b Research on racialised attitudes in South Africa have found that ___ were the least prejudiced towards black people a) Afrikaans-speaking whites b) Jewish whites c) English-speaking whites d) Afrikaans-speaking coloureds Introduction to Psychology 2e Lecturer Support Material ISBN: 9781919895024 © Juta and Company Limited, 2012 4 26 a Research has found that black South Africans have more positive attitudes towards a) English-speaking whites b) Afrikaans-speaking whites c) Jews d) None of the above 27 a The movement to increase pride in black identity was called ____ and is associated most strongly with _____ a) black consciousness; Steve Biko b) black pride; Steve Biko c) black consciousness; Barney Pityana d) black liberation; Steve Biko 28 c Studies of racial attitudes amongst adolescents in 1992 and 1996 found that a) racialised attitudes had decreased significantly b) pro-black attitudes had increased c) racism scores increased amongst whites d) anti-white attitudes were generally high 29 b Studies of racial attitudes amongst adolescents in 1992 and 1996 found that ___ had the most negative anti-white attitudes a) Afrikaans-speaking coloureds b) blacks c) Indians d) English-speaking coloureds 30 d A major finding of social psychology is that a) Individuality disappears in the face of group norms b) Individual behaviour is completely governed by group and situational norms c) Individual behaviour is not affected by group and situational influences d) Group and situational influences are much more important in determining individual behaviour than is usually recognised 31 a ___ is defined as shifting one’s actions to follow a group’s norm(s) a) conformity b) social influence c) intra-group influence d) obedience to authority 32 b In which of the following countries would one expect to find a high conformity rate? a) Britain b) Africa c) USA d) France Introduction to Psychology 2e Lecturer Support Material ISBN: 9781919895024 © Juta and Company Limited, 2012 5 33 c Experiments on obedience to authority were conducted by ___ a) Solomon Asch b) Finchilescu and Dawes c) Stanley Milgram d) I.D. MacCrone 34 c In Asch’s experiments, which of the following situations would be expected to produce the lowest rates of obedience to authority? a) the ‘teacher’ and the ‘learner’ were in different rooms b) the ‘teacher’ was a woman c) the ‘teacher’ and the ‘learner’ were in the same room d) the ‘learner’ claimed that he had a heart condition 35 a In Asch’s experiments, which of the following situations would be expected to produce the highest rates of obedience? a) the ‘teacher’ and the ‘learner’ were in separate rooms b) the ‘teacher’ and the ‘learner’ were in the same room c) another ‘teacher’ refused to continue with the experiment d) the ‘teacher’ and the ‘learner’ were of opposite genders 36 d In the study of minority influence, ___ is an effective behavioural style a) rigidity b) dogmatism c) inconsistency d) flexibility 37 a Minority influence refers to a) the dissent and resistance of minorities to majority influence b) the influence that the minority exerts over the majority c) the influence that the majority exerts over the minority d) the tendency of minorities to be conformist 38 b Mainstream social psychology has used ___ and ___ to explain prejudice and stereotyping a) social cognition; social constructionism b) social cognition; personality psychology c) personality psychology; interpersonal psychology d) personality psychology; group psychology 39 b According to Allport, why was prejudice a natural capacity of the mind? a) individuals are predisposed to see only the negative about others b) individuals have limited information-processing capacities c) individuals are naturally intolerant of ambiguity d) all of the above Introduction to Psychology 2e Lecturer Support Material ISBN: 9781919895024 © Juta and Company Limited, 2012 6 40 c The ____ was used to measure authoritarianism a) A-Scale b) Authoritarianism Questionnaire c) F-Scale d) D-Scale 41 d The personality approach to prejudice has been criticised because a) the influence of cognitions has been ignored b) the scales used to measure it are incorrect c) in-group influence has been ignored d) prejudice is located exclusively inside the individual 42 a Social identity theory was developed by a) Henri Tajfel b) John Duckitt c) Adorno d) Milgram 43 c The tendency of individuals from group A to regard members of Group B as more similar to one another, and more different from members of Group A, is an example of the ____ principle of social identity theory a) social comparison b) self-concept c) categorisation d) permeability 44 b According to social identity theory, personal and social identities are a) constantly negotiated through positioning b) shifting along a continuum according to salience c) completely separate entities d) dependent on whether conformity is present 45 c The impermeability of group boundaries in South Africa during apartheid made ____ difficult. a) self-concept b) legitimacy c) social mobility d) social change 46 d In societies where upward social mobility is seen as possible, the boundaries between groups are a) impermeable b) fixed c) non-existent d) permeable Introduction to Psychology 2e Lecturer Support Material ISBN: 9781919895024 © Juta and Company Limited, 2012 7 47 d Cognitive alternatives are possible when the group stratification is regarded as a) fixed b) unstable c) illegitimate d) both b and c 48 b The key assumption of social identity theory is a) individuals strive to be distinct from out-group members b) individuals strive for a positive self-concept c) individuals strive for a high group status d) individuals strive to be distinct from in-group members 49 a Social change refers to ____ efforts to change the status quo a) collective b) individual c) illegitimate d) political 50 b Strikes and protests are an example of the ____ strategy a) defensive distinctiveness b) social action c) social mobility d) social creativity 51 c Which of the following strategies is most likely to be used by a person whose group has a low perceived legitimacy and insecure identity? a) social competition b) social change c) increased discrimination d) paternalism 52 b The ‘black is beautiful’ slogan is an example of the use of ___ to effect change in a status hierarchy a) social stereotypes b) social creativity c) defensive distinctiveness d) social mobility 53 d According to Social Identity Theory, which of the following is NOT a function of stereotypes? a) cognitive function b) ideologising collective action c) positive distinctiveness of group identity d) a discourse to reinforce oppression Introduction to Psychology 2e Lecturer Support Material ISBN: 9781919895024 © Juta and Company Limited, 2012 8 54 a Ethnocentrism refers to a) the tendency to favour one’s own group over others b) the tendency to be racist c) the cognitive functions of stereotyping d) none of the above 55 c According to Social Identity Theory, why does contact between individuals of different races, fail to generalise to wider racial relations? a) racism is deeply entrenched in every facet of society b) racist discourses are persistent c) the dynamics operate only at an individual and interpersonal level d) stereotypes persist in the face of contradiction 56 d According to SIT, contact between __ is most likely to lead to positive changes in wider racial relations? a) people of the same age b) people of the same gender c) people of the same socio-economic status d) people who represent and lead groups 57 b With which of the following theorists is social constructionism NOT associated? a) Billig b) Turner c) Gergen d) Shotter 58 b Social constructionism is opposed to ___ as the only way of knowing a) language b) positivism c) rhetoric d) structuralism 59 c In social constructionism, the ‘linguistic turn’ refers to a) the use of language as a primary means of knowing b) the focus on linguistics c) the study of language as constitutive of reality d) the study of language as reflecting reality 60 c According to social constructionism, attitudes and drives are a) separate entities inside the individual b) rhetorical practices c) constituents of social practices d) external to the individual Introduction to Psychology 2e Lecturer Support Material ISBN: 9781919895024 © Juta and Company Limited, 2012 9 61 d Discourse analysis studies ____ to unravel how language ‘does’ things a) texts b) conversations c) symbolic systems d) all of the above 62 a Social constructionism’s anti-essentialism position means that a) there is no fundamental essence to human experience b) there is no certain point of view c) everything is relative d) our behaviour is determined by our environment 63 b Rhetoric refers to a) story-telling b) arguments intended to persuade c) a discourse analysis method d) the construction of our experience 64 d Shotter’s ‘knowing of a third kind’ refers to a) intuition b) the use of discourse analysis to unravel meaning c) the use of narrative analysis to unravel meaning d) a shared understanding constituted between people 65 c According to social constructionism, which is the most accurate statement with regard to self? a) the individual and social selves are entirely separate b) the individual takes precedence over the social in the construction of self c) individual and social selves are indivisible d) the social takes precedence over the individual in the construction of self 66 a Social constructionism favours the term ___ to describe the fluidity of self a) subjectivity b) subject c) object d) core 67 b The concept of social roles is associated with a) cognitive psychology b) mainstream psychology c) social constructionism d) discursive psychology Introduction to Psychology 2e Lecturer Support Material ISBN: 9781919895024 © Juta and Company Limited, 2012 10 68 b According to social constructionism, gendered selves are constructed by discourses of a) racism b) patriarchy c) commonality d) individuality 69 c Social constructionism uses the term ____ to refer to the way in which selves are negotiated in interaction with others. a) ideological subjectivity b) passive subjectivity c) positioning d) negotiating 70 d According to Levett (1988), young women are positioned as victims in relation to men because of a) generational continuity b) sexist assumptions c) women’s relative weakness d) child abuse discourses 71 b Wood and Foster (1995) found that non-use of condoms was related to a) ignorance about HIV/AIDS b) unequal power relations between men and women c) lack of access to condoms d) men’s reluctance to take responsibility for sex 72 a A study by Harris et al (1995) looked at the way in which men talked about gender. They reported three major ____ strategies which were used by men to achieve patriarchal positions a) rhetorical b) subjective c) sexist d) cultural 73 a In Foster’s (2000) study of apartheid atrocity perpetrators, the way in which perpetrators constructed their actions as comprehensible, while victims constructed them as incomprehensible, is referred to as a) the magnitude gap b) marginalisation c) unrealistic evaluation d) misunderstanding Introduction to Psychology 2e Lecturer Support Material ISBN: 9781919895024 © Juta and Company Limited, 2012 11 74 A study by Shefer & Foster (2001) in the Western Cape found that there was greater adherence to a) feminist discourses that resist male power b) progressive discourses of masculinity c) traditional discourses of masculinity and femininity d) discourses of equality 75 c The social constructionist approach explains racism in terms of a) intergroup relations b) personality functioning c) discourse d) economic structures 76 d Dixon et al’s (1997) study found that the white residents of Hout Bay, when faced with the formation of a black township in their area: a) used the labels ‘black’ and ‘white’ to construct the ‘other’ b) constructed black people as dangerous and unreasonable c) constructed black people as an economic threat d) used an impersonal language of the spatial 77 b The avoidance of explicitly racial discourses, in favour of using discourses of economic facts and aesthetics, is an example of a) rhetoric b) subtle racism c) defensiveness d) liberalism Introduction to Psychology 2e Lecturer Support Material ISBN: 9781919895024 © Juta and Company Limited, 2012 12