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Blood and Lymphatic System PBP Summer 2016 Presented by KayOnda Bayo [email protected] 1 Blood System Overview Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to body cells Blood removes carbon dioxide and other waste products from body cells for elimination 2 3 4 Blood and Hematopoiesis Functions of Blood • Transportation of nutritive elements and waste products throughout the circulatory system to appropriate tissues • Transportation of humoral and cellular agents specific for immune defense against infection, foreign material and cancerous cells • Regulation of body temperature • Maintenance of equilibrium in body metabolism • Transportation of hormones Hematopoiesis Higher Vertebrates • Bone marrow, spleen lymph nodes, thymus Lower Vertebrates • Liver, kidney capsule, cranial capsule, genital organs Embryonic and Fetal • Yolk sac, liver, spleen, and bone marrow Blood Plasma • Homogeneous, alkaline fluid • Contains albumin, globulins, water, inorganic ions, nutrients, and hormones • Percent of plasma in whole blood is about 55% Red Blood Cells Erythrocyte Shape: bi-concave discs that carry O2, nutritive Size: 4.5-5.0 million/mm3. No organelles, only hemoglobin. Average life span of 120 days. Reticulocyte Final developmental stage of a RBC before mature erythrocyte forms. Residual nuclear material exists after nucleus is expelled. Presence of diffuse chromatin is the distinguishing factor.RNA stains blue with Supra-Vital staining. Clinical Connections Sickle Cell Anemia • Anemia is the failure to maintain adequate hemoglobin concentration • RBCs assume an abnormal, sickle shape which decreases flexibility • Occurs because of a mutation in the hemoglobin gene Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle-cell disease Granulocytes Neutrophil 40-75% of white blood cells in circulation Lifespan in circulation is 1 week, in tissue 1-4 days Functions in acute inflammatory responses to injury by: secretion of enzymes and phagocytosis of damaged tissue and invading organisms Multi-lobulated nucleus Granules are small. A B Eosinophil 1-6% of white blood cells in circulation Lifespan in circulation is 2 weeks Active in parasitic invasion Granules are very large and stain bright and acidophilic. A Basophil <1% of white blood cells in circulation. Lifespan in circulation is 1-2 years. Active during allergic reaction. Releases histamine and heparin. Dark purple staining large granules. Obscure bi-lobuled nucleus. Similar function to mast cells but reside in blood. A: Basophil B: Erythrocyte. C: Thrombocyte Agranulocytes Monocyte 2-10% of white blood cells in circulation. Largest of all WBCs. Lifespan in circulation is 2-5 days in tissue 1-3 months. Once stimulated by damaged tissue, they give rise to macrophages which are excellent phagocytes. Have distinct bi-lobular nucleus. A: Monocyte B: Erythrocyte Lymphocyte 20-50% of white blood cells in circulation. Vary in size. Lifespan in circulation is months to years. Play central role in immunological defense mechanisms. Round densely stained nucleus. A: Lymphocyte B: Erythrocyte Clinical Connections Leukemia • • • • Broad term covering a wide spectrum of diseases - acute and chronic Lymphocytic or myelogenous Characterized by an abnormal increase in immature WBCs Diagnosed via blood smear or bone marrow biopsy Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia Review • Name the cell types, percentage, lifespan and function Review WBC % of WBC Lifespan Function Never Neutrophil 40-75% Circulation: 1 week Tissue: 1-4 days Phagocyte Let Lymphocyte 20-50% Circulation: months to years General immunity Inflammatory Response Monkeys Monocyte 2-10% Circulation: 2-5 days Tissue: 1-3 months Phagocyte Eat Eosinophil 1-6% Circulation: 2 weeks Parasitic invasion Bananas Basophil < 1% Circulation: 1-2 years Allergic response Secretes histamine and heparin RBC Lifespan Erythrocytes 120 days Lymphatic System Lymphoid Organs Spleen • Largest lymphoid organ • Consists of red and white pulp • Also a “storage” area for blood Thymus • First lymphoid organ to form • Center for T cell development Lymphatic Aggregations • Peyer’s patches in the ileum • Appendix • Tonsil Lymph and Lymphatics Lymph • Contains water, electrolytes, and variable amounts of protein • Returned to the circulatory system via thoracic duct and main lymphatic duct Lymphatic Vascular System • Principle function is to return fluid, plasma proteins, lymphocytes, and immunoglobins back to circulation • Picks up extracellular fluid from tissues and returns it to the circulatory system Lymphocyte Role in Immunity B Lymphocytes • Originate from myeloid tissue and mature within bone marrow • Activated by antigens and eventually differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies T Lymphocytes • Originate from myeloid tissue and complete maturation in the thymus • Role in the destruction of foreign macromolecules, viruses and antigens without producing antibodies Understanding the immune system Immunity • Refers to the body’s defense against foreign and harmful pathogenic microorganisms and substances • Can be innate (non-specific) or adaptive (specific) The immune system • Innate and Adaptive Immunity • First, Second, and Third lines of immune defense Features of innate and adaptive immunity Third line of defense Antigens and antibodies • Antigen • • substance that provokes a highly specific immune response (ex. Spikes on a viral envelope) Recognition of self vs. nonself • Antibodies are proteins made in response to an antigen • • Recognize and respond to antigen Facilitate the neutralization or destruction of the antigen Duality of Adaptive Immunity