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Blood and
Lymphatic
System
PBP Summer 2016
Presented by KayOnda Bayo
[email protected]
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Blood System
Overview
 Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to body cells
 Blood removes carbon dioxide and other waste products
from body cells for elimination
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Blood and
Hematopoiesis
Functions of Blood
• Transportation of nutritive elements and waste
products throughout the circulatory system to
appropriate tissues
• Transportation of humoral and cellular agents specific
for immune defense against infection, foreign material
and cancerous cells
• Regulation of body temperature
• Maintenance of equilibrium in body metabolism
• Transportation of hormones
Hematopoiesis
Higher Vertebrates
• Bone marrow, spleen lymph nodes, thymus
Lower Vertebrates
• Liver, kidney capsule, cranial capsule, genital organs
Embryonic and Fetal
• Yolk sac, liver, spleen, and bone marrow
Blood Plasma
• Homogeneous, alkaline fluid
• Contains albumin, globulins, water, inorganic ions,
nutrients, and hormones
• Percent of plasma in whole blood is about 55%
Red Blood Cells
Erythrocyte
Shape: bi-concave discs that
carry O2, nutritive
Size: 4.5-5.0 million/mm3.
No organelles, only hemoglobin.
Average life span of 120 days.
Reticulocyte

Final developmental stage of a RBC before mature erythrocyte
forms.

Residual nuclear material exists after nucleus is expelled.

Presence of diffuse chromatin is the distinguishing factor.RNA
stains blue with Supra-Vital staining.
Clinical Connections
Sickle Cell Anemia
• Anemia is the failure to maintain adequate hemoglobin concentration
• RBCs assume an abnormal, sickle shape which decreases flexibility
• Occurs because of a mutation in the hemoglobin gene
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle-cell
disease
Granulocytes
Neutrophil

40-75% of white blood cells in circulation

Lifespan in circulation is 1 week, in tissue 1-4 days
Functions in acute inflammatory responses to
injury by: secretion of enzymes and phagocytosis of damaged tissue and invading
organisms


Multi-lobulated nucleus

Granules are small.
A
B
Eosinophil


1-6% of white blood cells in circulation
Lifespan in circulation is 2 weeks

Active in parasitic invasion

Granules are very large and stain bright and acidophilic.
A
Basophil
<1% of white blood cells in circulation.
Lifespan in circulation is 1-2 years.
Active during allergic reaction.
Releases histamine and heparin.
Dark purple staining large granules.
Obscure bi-lobuled nucleus.
Similar function to mast cells but reside in blood.

A: Basophil
B: Erythrocyte.
C: Thrombocyte
Agranulocytes
Monocyte
2-10% of white blood cells in circulation.
Largest of all WBCs.
Lifespan in circulation is 2-5 days in tissue 1-3 months.
Once stimulated by damaged tissue, they give rise to macrophages which are
excellent phagocytes.
Have distinct bi-lobular nucleus.

A: Monocyte
B: Erythrocyte
Lymphocyte
20-50% of white blood cells in circulation.
Vary in size.
Lifespan in circulation is months to years.
Play central role in immunological defense mechanisms.
Round densely stained nucleus.

A: Lymphocyte
B: Erythrocyte
Clinical Connections
Leukemia
•
•
•
•
Broad term covering a wide spectrum of diseases - acute and chronic
Lymphocytic or myelogenous
Characterized by an abnormal increase in immature WBCs
Diagnosed via blood smear or bone marrow biopsy
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia
Review
• Name the cell types, percentage, lifespan and function
Review
WBC
% of WBC
Lifespan
Function
Never
Neutrophil
40-75%
Circulation: 1 week
Tissue: 1-4 days
Phagocyte
Let
Lymphocyte
20-50%
Circulation: months to years
General immunity
Inflammatory
Response
Monkeys
Monocyte
2-10%
Circulation: 2-5 days
Tissue: 1-3 months
Phagocyte
Eat
Eosinophil
1-6%
Circulation: 2 weeks
Parasitic invasion
Bananas
Basophil
< 1%
Circulation: 1-2 years
Allergic response
Secretes histamine and
heparin
RBC
Lifespan
Erythrocytes
120 days
Lymphatic System
Lymphoid Organs
Spleen
• Largest lymphoid organ
• Consists of red and white pulp
• Also a “storage” area for blood
Thymus
• First lymphoid organ to form
• Center for T cell development
Lymphatic Aggregations
• Peyer’s patches in the ileum
• Appendix
• Tonsil
Lymph and
Lymphatics
Lymph
• Contains water, electrolytes, and variable amounts of protein
• Returned to the circulatory system via thoracic duct and main
lymphatic duct
Lymphatic Vascular System
• Principle function is to return fluid, plasma proteins, lymphocytes,
and immunoglobins back to circulation
• Picks up extracellular fluid from tissues and returns it to the
circulatory system
Lymphocyte Role in
Immunity
B Lymphocytes
•
Originate from myeloid tissue and mature within bone marrow
•
Activated by antigens and eventually differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies
T Lymphocytes
•
Originate from myeloid tissue and complete maturation in the thymus
•
Role in the destruction of foreign macromolecules, viruses and antigens without
producing antibodies
Understanding the
immune system
Immunity
• Refers to the body’s defense against foreign and
harmful pathogenic microorganisms and substances
• Can be innate (non-specific) or adaptive (specific)
The immune system
• Innate and Adaptive Immunity
• First, Second, and Third lines of immune defense
Features of innate and
adaptive immunity
Third line of defense
Antigens and
antibodies
• Antigen
•
•
substance that provokes a
highly specific immune
response (ex. Spikes on a viral
envelope)
Recognition of self vs. nonself
• Antibodies are proteins made
in response to an antigen
•
•
Recognize and respond to
antigen
Facilitate the neutralization or
destruction of the antigen
Duality of Adaptive
Immunity