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3. Individual Behavior
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Tujuan Pengajaran
• Perbedaan-perbedaan individu
• Variabel-variabel yang
mempengaruhi perilaku individu
• Sikap, persepsi, kepribadian dan
pembelajaran
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INDIVIDUAL-BEHAVIOR FRAMEWORK
The Environment
Work
- Job design
- Organizational structure
- Policies and rules
- Leadership
- Reward and sanctions
- Resource
Non Work
- Family
- Economics
- Leisure and hobbies
Source : Gibson
The Individual
Abilities and skills
Family background
Personality
Perception
Attitude
Attributions
Learning capacity
Age
Race
Sex
Experience
Behaviors
Problem-solving
Thinking process
Communication
- Talking
- Listening
Obsevations
Movement
Outcomes
Performance
- Long term
- Short term
Personal development
Relations with other
Satisfaction
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PERBEDAAN-PERBEDAAN INDIVIDU
Ability
A biological or learned trait that permits a person
to do something mental or physical
Skill
Task – related competencies
Demographics
- GENDER DIFFERENCES
- RACIAL AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY
Source : Gibson
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VARIABEL-VARIABEL YANG MEMPENGARUHI
PERILAKU INDIVIDU
1. Attitudes
2. Perception
3. Personality
4. Learning
5. Attribution
6. Ability
Source : Gibson
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1. Attitudes
Mental states of readiness for need arousal
The Three Components of Attitudes
Stimuli :
Attitudes :
Work factors
Components
Job design
Effect
Manager style
Company policies
Technology
Cognition
Outcomes :
Responses
Emotional;
Statement about liking
Perceptual;
Statement about belief
Salary
Fringe benefit
Source : Gibson
Behavior
Action;
Statement about behavior
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2. Perception
The process by which an individual gives meaning to the
environment. It involves organization and interpreting
various stimuli into psychological experience
Source : Gibson
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The Perceptual Process
Reality in work
organization
Stimuli (e.g., the
organization’s
reward system,
the style of
persuasion used
by a supervisor,
the work flow)
Source : Gibson
The person’s perceptual process:
Organizing and translating
Factors
influencing
perception
Observation
of the stimuli
- Stereotyping
- Selectivity
- Self concept
- Situation
- Needs
- Emotions
Outcomes
Evaluation and
interpretation
of reality
A response
behavior
Attitudes
formed
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Perceptual Differences and Behavior
Manager’s perception
Worker has a lot of
freedom to make decisions
Freedom worker
is given
Worker’s perception
I am not given freedom to
make decision
Manager’s behavior
Worker’s behavior
No concern about freedom
given to worker
Feeling of being left out
staying home
Manager’s behavior
Worker’s behavior
Puzzled by the absence
record of worker
Belief that no one really
cares
Source : Gibson
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3. Personality
Stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine
commonalities and differences in people’s behavior
Some Major Forces Influencing Personality
Cultural forces
Hereditary forces
The
Individual’s
Personality
Social class and other
group membership forces
Source : Gibson
Family relationships force
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Theory of Personality
1. Trait Personality Theories
Based on the premise that predispositions direct the
behavior of an individual in a consistent pattern
2. Psychodynamic Personality Theories
Freudian approach that discusses the id, superego, and
ego. Special emphasis is placed on unconscious
determinants of behavior
3. Humanistic Personality Theories
Place emphasis on growth and self-actualization of people
Source : Gibson
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Humanistic Personality Theories
1. Measuring Personality Characteristics
Personality tests
Personality test used to measure emotional,
motivational, interpersonal, and attitude characteristics
that make up a person’s personality
Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)
A widely used survey for assessing personality
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
A scale that assesses personality or cognitive style.
Respondents’ answers are scored and interpreted to
classify them as extroverted or introverted, sensory or
intuitive, thinking or feeling, and perceiving or judging
Source : Gibson
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2. Personality Personality Characteristics
Locus of Control
A personality characteristic that describes people who see the
control of their lives as coming from inside them selves as
internalizes. People who believe that their lives are controlled
by external factor are externalizes
Self-Efficacy
The belief that one can perform adequately in a situation.
Self efficacy has three dimensions; magnitude, strength, and
generality
Creativity
Machiavellianism
A term used to describe political maneuvers in an organization.
Used to designate a person as a manipulator and power abuser
Source : Gibson
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4. Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior
that accurs as a result of experience
Source : Stephen P. Robbins
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Theories of Learning
1.
Classical conditioning
A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some
stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response
2.
Operant conditioning
A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior
leads to a reward or prevents a punishment
3.
Social Learning
People can learn through observation and direct experience
Source : Stephen P. Robbins
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5. Attribution
The process of perceiving causes of behavior and out comes
Dispositional Attributions
Emphasize some aspect of individual, such as ability or skill,
to explain behavior
Situational Attributions
Attributions that emphasize the environment’s effect behavior
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6. Ability
An individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job
Intellectual ability
That required to do mental activities
Physical ability
That required to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity,
strength and similar characteristics
Source : Stephen P. Robbins
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