* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download The Roman Empire
Senatus consultum ultimum wikipedia , lookup
Promagistrate wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Sulla wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Romanization of Hispania wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
Roman funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Demography of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Roman emperor wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
History of the Constitution of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Switzerland in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Cursus honorum wikipedia , lookup
Early Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Augustus wikipedia , lookup
Constitution of the Roman Republic wikipedia , lookup
Roman economy wikipedia , lookup
Roman agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Practice Questions 1. One characteristic that differentiated Classical Civilizations from the Early Civilizations was that A. B. C. D. they were agricultural rather than nomadic there was a higher rate of literacy they were more durable there was less warfare because of the introduction of organized religions E. they created larger political structures capable of controlling more territory • Which of the following was primarily a philosophical movement, rather than a religion focusing on the supernatural? • a. Judaism • b. Zoroastrianism • c. Confucianism • d. Buddhism • In which civilization was their belief system most interwoven with other aspects of their cultural system? • a. Gupta/Maurya India. • b. Han China. • c. Classical Greece. • d. Persia. • Which of the following was NOT a shared feature of the social Greek politics was noted organizations of India and China in for its formation of the classical era? 1. a feudal social order • a. In both, birth determined social status for most people. 2. the monarchy 3. democratic city-states • b. In both, sharp distinctions and great inequalities characterized the 4. the emperor system social order. • c. In both, there was little social mobility for the vast majority of the population. • d. In both, priority was given to religious status and ritual purity. Classical Rome “Not without reason did gods and men choose this spot for the site of our city – the hills, the river to bring us produce from the inland regions and seaborne commerce from abroad, the sea itself, near enough for convenience yet not so near as to bring danger from foreign fleets, our situation in the very heart of Italy… - Livy, The Early History of Rome I. The Republic • 509 B.C.E. – Romans drive out last Etruscan king, establish a republic – Power rests with citizens who vote for their leaders – Citizens = free-born males • Senate • 300 Members; run by patricians: or aristocrats/passed position to their sons • General Assembly • Represented plebians (commoners) • Had little power • Consuls (2) • Executive power; elected from Senate for 1-year term • Veto power over the other; fiercely competitive I. Continued… • Dictator – chosen in times of crisis, absolute power over laws and army • Romans believed they had the best of monarchy, aristocracy, democracy • Twelve Tables – Written Roman law – Prevented laws from being interpreted wrong or unfairly II. Julius Caesar • 59 B.C.E. – elected consul – For 10 years Caesar and his allies dominate Roman politics • 58 – 50 B.C.E. – appoints himself governor of Gaul (modern-day France) – Becomes very popular due to his military exploits – Many senators feared his popularity, ordered him to Rome • Returned with his army; Drove out his enemies – 46 B.C.E. – elected dictator – 44 B.C.E. – appointed dictator for life • Reforms – Granted citizenship to many living in the provinces outside the city of Rome – Expanded the senate – Constructed new public buildings – Started new colonies (more resources, slaves) II. Continued… • Assassinated on March 15, 44 B.C.E. – Many nobles and senators feared Caesar’s power • After Caesar’s death, civil war breaks out • Power is juggled between 3 men – Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus • • • For a time, an alliance (Second Triumvirate) Octavian becomes unchallenged ruler – 31 B.C.E named Augustus Caesar – “exalted one” – Reforms government, strengthens empire 27 B.C.E. -180 C.E. – peace within empire – – Pax Romana – “Roman peace” 60-80 million people III. The Empire • Began conquering Mediterranean by 264 B.C.E. • Conquered people closer to Rome had all citizen’s rights except for vote – Further away, people considered allies • Paid taxes, supplied troops • Competition for control – Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.E.) • War with Carthage, city in northern Africa • Hannibal – brilliant Carthaginian general – Inflicted enormous losses against Romans for more than 10 years – Never captured city of Rome III. Continued… – 146 B.C.E. – Rome captured Carthage • Set it afire, 50,000 people sold into slavery • Roman empire eventually stretches from Spain in west, to Anatolia in east. • Empire Political Structure – Retained Senate, but virtually powerless – Divided into provinces ruled by governors; retained local customs/religions – Law codes spread and regulated social life – Government duties • Built vast public work systems, maintained courts, built public baths and stadiums to entertain the masses • Sponsored religious ceremonies IV. Economic and Social Characteristics • Economy • Agriculture based: barley, grapes, olives (poor soil) • Gap between rich and poor grew • Emphasis on trade; Merchants 2nd highest social class behind patricians • Slavery – Justified even by philosophers – Military expansion provided slaves – Roman estates used slaves for agriculture; slower to develop new technologies because depended on slave labor – Most reliant on slaves than any other ancient society IV. continued… • Social groups – Patricians – wealthy landowners, power holders – Plebeians – farmers, artisans, merchants • Could vote, but barred from holding important gov’t positions • Tribunes – elected reps that protected rights of plebeians • Slaves – typically captured during military campaigns • Gender/Family – Importance of tight family structure – Oldest living male (paterfamilias) had control – Upper class women fared better than in Greece; some had more economic rights, and worked in family businesses V. Religion and Culture • Culture – Borrowed heavily from Greek philosophy, science, and arts – Virgil: epic poet Aeneid – Poetry and history spread Latin language – Copied Greek sculpture – Advances in architecture • Complex roads for military movement and trade • Aqueducts carried water to urban areas • Perfected the arch V. Religion • No world-class religion like India/China • Christianity would take root, but not developed from Greek/Roman culture • Greek/Roman religion an idea of spirits of nature elevated to gods/goddesses – Ceremonies help to worship gods and reinforce idea of empire – Very Secular or “of this world”; no goal of higher spirituality – Led to development of philosophy as important aspect of belief system VI. Spread of Christianity • 63 B.C.E - Roman Empire reaches Judea, Jewish homeland – Remained independent until 6 C.E. – Believed they would be free again in future – The Messiah would restore Kingdom of the Jews • 6 to 4 B.C.E. - historians believe Jesus was born in Bethlehem, Judea – Eventually referred to as Jesus Christ • Comes from christos, the Greek word meaning “messiah” or “savior” VI. Continued… • Popularity of Jesus was a concern for both Roman & Jewish leaders – His popularity disrupted the local leadership – Pontius Pilate had Jesus arrested for defying authority of Rome • Sentenced to be crucified (a common death sentence) • Pax Romana made it easy and safe to spread the ideas of the new religion – Travel was relatively safe – Common languages - Greek & Latin - made it easily understood – Embraced by all types of people, regardless of status or wealth VI. Continued… • Christians viewed as opposition to Roman law because they did not worship Roman gods – Thousands were crucified, burned, or killed for entertainment VI. continued • • • 312 C.E. - while battling his rivals, Emperor Constantine has a vision of a cross – His soldiers fight with the Christian symbol on their shields and are victorious 313 C.E. - end of persecution of Christians – Edict of Milan - Christianity becomes an approved religion 380 C.E. - Emperor Theodosius makes Christianity the official religion VII. The Fall of Rome • End of Pax Romana – 180 C.E. • After Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperors struggled to control such a great empire • Economy weakens – 3rd century – hostile tribes and pirates disrupt trade – Government raises taxes – Inflation – prices of goods rise, value of money drops – Agriculture suffers from overused land, damage from years of war VII. Continued… • Military problems – Soldiers less disciplined and loyal – Over-reliance on mercenaries • Average citizens less loyal to empire • Attempts at reform – Diocletian rules strongly, limits freedom • • • • Doubles size of army Set fixed prices of goods to curb inflation Claims to be descendant of Roman gods Believes empire is too big to rule, divides in 2 – Greek-speaking East – Latin-speaking West VII. Continued… • Constantine – Gains power in 312 C.E., reunites empire in 324 C.E. – Moves capital to Byzantium, Anatolia in 330 C.E. • Power shifts from West to East • Renamed city Constantinople – After death, empire is divided again • The West crumbles – Attila the Hun • Led 100,000 soldiers to terrorize both sides of Roman Empire • Disease and famine prevented Attila’s forces from overtaking Rome VII. Concluded. – Germanic invasions • Fleeing the Huns (Mongol invaders), Germanic people push into Roman territory • 410 C.E. – Germanic people plunder city of Rome for 3 days – Last emperor • 14-year old Romulus Augustulus was kicked out by Germans in 476 C.E. • No emperor tried to replace him • East becomes known as Byzantium Empire, lasts another 1000 years, West falls into “Dark Ages” CHALLENGE QUESTION What connections can be made between Classical Rome and today’s world? (Think social, political, religious, technological, etc.) - Complete sentences, 1 paragraph. Key Vocabulary – Ch. 4 (Part II) • • • • • • • • Roman Republic Punic Wars Carthage Hannibal Julius Caesar Augustus Caesar Diocletian Constantine • Senate • Consuls