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BEHAVIORISM Started in the U.S. in the 1940s-50s--concern with mass population, consumerism, aggression (war) What matters is behavior (response to stimuli): observable, controllable, scientific Denial of Freudian inner substance, or heredity Behavioral engineering: First order conditioning (Ivan Pavlov): ringing (neutral) +food (natural stimulus) => dog salivation (from un- to conditioned response) Second order conditioning (“Little Albert”, by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner 1920): scary ringing + rats => fear of rats => fear of furry items. Watson: “Give me a child, and I will give you any adult professional you want”) Modern classical conditioning (R.A. Rescorla, Leo J. Kamin): relationship between neutral and natural stimulus must be not only temporal, but informational (“A—sound—will lead to B—food”) Operant conditioning (E.L. Thorndike, B.F. Skinner): Successful or punishing result (law of cause-effect) rather leads to complex/artificial behavior adoption (learning or avoidance)=> Walden Two, a behaviorallyengineered Utopia Even after extinction of positive reinforcement, organism carries on behavior for a while—will continue behavior with contingencies of random reinforcement Applications: Shock/censure therapy education (Clark Hall) retardation therapy phobias, neuroses, addictions (counterconditioning) Problems: Humans as machines stimulated by environment and denial of inner world does not explain language and memory Chaotic (human) nature more complex than lab animals Not all “laboratory” parameters controllable in real life Human rights/freedom trespassed on (gender conditioning disasters) Selection of favorable stimuli not best survival strategy (anti-Darwinian) Anticipating the future