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Unit 11 – Immunity Guided Notes The Fight Against Infection Where do diseases come from? Years ago… Now… People believed they got diseases from evil spirits and spells! People now know diseases come from microorganisms and viruses! Remember Redi and Pasteur’s experiments??!! Redi & Pasteur Redi’s Experiment He took 2 glass jars and placed meat inside each one; one was covered and one was uncovered After a few days the uncovered meat had maggots; the covered one did not Redi disproved spontaneous generation Pasteur’s Experiment He put broth into two curved flasks He heated one flask to boiling; the other flask he did not boil After a few days, the unboiled broth was cloudy showing bacteria was generated from bacteria already present The boiled flask had no new bacteria growth because it had been killed Redi & Pasteur continued… Once scientists knew that disease was caused by bacteria, viruses, and microorganisms (and not spells) they could begin to study immunity more efficiently. So what is IMMUNITY? Definition: - the ability of the body’s blood to defend against infection - our immune system protects us from pathogens (any organism/protein-structure that cause disease) - in fact, our immune system is what helps us recognize pathogens as foreign objects so we can destroy them Causes of Disease 1. Viruses: tiny particles made of a protein shell that invade cells and make the cell replicate (double) their genetics; they can look like spiders with legs; have receptors on surface 2. Bacteria: small microorganisms that either breakdown the tissue of the organism or release toxins 3. Worms, Protists, and Fungi: they are all agents that invade the host causing damage or even death; they live off of what they are inside/on Causes of Disease 1. Viruses - NOT cells (can’t reproduce); not living - attach to the cell - inject their genes (DNA or RNA) - cell makes more viruses - have “antigens” on surface (fit to body cell receptors like a lock and key) Causes of Disease 2. Bacteria - tiny, one-celled organisms; living (can do life processes) - most are GOOD for you (90%); bad ones treated with antibiotics - found in yogurt, cheeses, butter, sauerkraut, pickles, olives, soy sauce - also have “antigens” on surface; our bodies attack these with “antibodies” Three types: bacilli = rod shaped cocci = circle shaped spirilla = spiral shaped Examples DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA Genital herpes strep throat HIV Food borne illness by E. Coli cold sores (oral herpes) tuberculosis Influenza (flu) anthrax West Nile Botulism pneumonia How Are Diseases Spread? Physical contact - touching, sexual contact, coughing, sneezing, not washing hands Contaminated Food and Water undercooked meat, untreated water, unrefrigerated food Infected Animals - mosquito, rabid animals, fleas (Bubonic Plague of Europe; caused by fleas carried on rats in poor sanitation conditions) Body’s Way to Prevent Disease 1. Skin - hard to penetrate (pass through) the layers of dead skin; enzymes in our secretions break down bacteria’s membrane killing them 2. Inflammatory response - a nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection (any health problem caused by a disease producing organism) 3. Immune response - the body’s specific defenses that attack a pathogen using the antibody/antigen attack Line of Defense # 1 Skin - many layers of dead skin keep pathogens out - blood clots and white blood cells at cut sites often prevent infection - Pus and redness often indicate the skin has become infected An infected toe nail; note the redness and infection Line of Defense # 2 Inflammatory Response (non-specific) - activated when pathogens enter the body and trigger the release of chemicals called histamines - histamines cause the capillaries to swell by increasing blood flow to exposed areas and increase mucus production - See body areas become inflamed or swollen ex. Bee sting, pollen - Interferons: cells that make a protein for other cells so they resist viral infection; block viral replication (almost like choking them) - The inflammatory response can indicate an allergy Inflammatory Response continued allergies- the body’s overreaction to antigens antigens that cause allergic reactions are called allergens common allergens include ragweed pollen, dust, dust mites Line of Defense # 3 Immune Response (specific) Activated when other defenses do not work Triggered by an antigen (on the surface of foreign substances that invade the body & cause disease) White blood cells recognize these antigens and release antibodies (proteins that stick to antigens); after “sticking” to the antigen, the antibodies trigger white blood cells to attack the antigen, destroying it Line of Defense # 3 continued Certain white blood cells called memory B cells can remember specific antigens and are able to fight these antigens the next time they infect the organism This is why you do not get Chicken Pox twice! Your body fights it the first time, makes antibodies against that specific disease, and you get well; if you come around Chicken Pox again, your memory B cells “remember” the disease, already know how to make the antibodies to fight it, and you do not get sick again Line of Defense # 3 continued Review: Jobs of a White Blood Cell 1. Tag and recognize foreign objects 2. Engulf (phagocytes) and/or destroy bacteria/viruses/old cells 3. Make antibodies Recognize and tag… Engulfing… Immune Response continued Immune Response Passive Immunity -Temporary (short term) - type of immunity that develops from being given antibodies through injection Ex. mother’s milk; through placenta (diffusion of antibodies to baby from mother) Active Immunity -long term - type of immunity from the body having the disease once, making antibodies, and recognizing it in the future - also includes vaccinations Immune Response continued More on Active Immunity Vaccination (process of injecting a weakened/inactive form of a pathogen to produce immunity) Weak pathogen triggers antibody production; so now when you get infected with the “active” form of the disease, you have antibodies ready More than 20 serious human diseases can be prevented by vaccination Ex. Polio, measles, mumps, chicken pox, flu Vaccinations continued… Vaccines “jump start” your immune system; gives you a head start on beating the disease Getting a vaccine increase the ability to fight a pathogen because you make antibodies against the pathogen’s antigens Diseases When the body is unable to fight off a pathogen, a failure in homeostasis occurs and the organism develops a disease; organism can become ill or even die!!! In some cases, when the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own cells, it is called an autoimmune disease Autoimmune Diseases In autoimmune diseases, the body produces “antiself” antibodies These “antiself” antibodies are sent out to destroy the organism’s own body tissues Ex. Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Type I Diabetes 2050: Finally mad enough to act, the Earth makes antibodies against the human race AIDS - An Immunodeficiency Disease AIDS is not an autoimmune disease AIDS is considered an immunodeficiency disease because a virus destroys certain white blood cells in the body so that the immune system does not work properly AIDS is caused by the virus HIV; leaves the body with no protection to fight other diseases AIDS continued Most AIDS patients die from another minor infection AIDS can be transmitted through sexual intercourse, shared needles, contact with infected blood, and through child birth including breastfeeding AIDS cannot be transmitted by sitting next to someone! Ways to Prevent Disease Your body has numerous responses to prevent disease: skin sneezing coughing stomach acid How to avoid communicable (passable) diseases and stay healthy? Wash your hands many times a day using soap Live in a clean house: change sheets regularly, eliminate carpet, use antibacterial cleaners Yawn, cough, and sneeze into the crutch of your elbow Use a tissue to blow your nose and throw it away Avoid touching bathroom door handles when leaving bathrooms Diseases of Interest 1. Leukemia - form of cancer associated with high number of white blood cells; treated with chemotherapy/radiation 2. Polio – contagious disease caused by a virus that affects the nervous system; vaccine required 3. Lupus – an autoimmune disease where the body attacks its own tissues causing joint pain, heart problems, and even iron deficiencies (anemia); no cure 4. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) – an autoimmune disease where nerve cells of the body are attacked causing pain, loss of balance, slurred speech, and tremors; no cure