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Sunday, 07 May 2017 Terminal Exam Revision We are learning that….. We will be able to…. 1. Collect A3 paper, 2 x felts 2. Complete Additional Biology revision questions Ex study for Tuesday • Revise • Revise • Revise • Revise • Revise Topics we have covered… • • • • • • • • Cells and simple transport Tissues, organs and organ systems Photosynthesis Distribution of organisms Proteins their function and uses Aerobic and anaerobic respiration Cell division and inheritance Speciation What do you know? • For the following numbered slides, write down what you know in as much detail as possible using key words/descriptions 1 A B D C E F Cytoplasm – Chemical reactions happen here 2 Ensure you know all cells parts & functions including ribosomes & mitochondria 3 4 5 Red blood cells • • • • Large surface area. Small diameter. No nucleus. Contain haemoglobin. 6 Gland cells • Large cells. • Lie next to blood capillaries. • Able to manufacture and secrete chemicals. 7 Palisade cells • Large surface area. • Many tightly packed chloroplasts. 8 Root hair cells • Thin membrane. • Large surface area. 9 Key words….. Concentration gradient High concentration Low concentration Diffusion Particles HOW CAN YOU INCREASE THE RATE OF DIFFUSION? WHERE DOES IT OCCUR WITHIN THE HUMAN BODY? Have loop of DNA Have capsule both of these are not found in plant & animal cells Larger than bacterial cells Similar structure to plant or bacterial cells but cell wall made of CHITIN TISSUE ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM Ensure you can define a cell, tissue, organ, organ system Blood Heart Brain Bone Kidney Circulatory Epithelial Lung Digestive Muscle Skin Glandular Small intestine Nervous Stomach Skeletal mouth tongue Salivary glands gullet windpipe liver stomach Gall bladder Bile duct small intestine appendix pancreas colon Large rectum intestine anus Ensure you know the 3 tissues within the stomach & each tissues role & adaptations The stomach is an organ that has several different types of tissue working Key tissues you need to learn about…..what are their functions? Mesophyll Epidermal tissue – protects organs, Epidermal found on outside of plant organs A vascular bundle is made up of the cell xylem & phloem Xylem – carries water 7 minerals. Thickened cell walls, strong to support plant Phloem – carries sugars. Living tissues Palisade mesophyll cells contains LOTS of chloroplasts for???? Xylem and phloem tissue Most chlorophyll Ensure you know the structure of the leaf & what features each part has eg waxy cuticle - waterproof CO2 11 Leaves have………. Large surface area Veins Green Thin Ensure you can explain WHY 12 light energy carbon dioxide water glucose oxygen C6H12O6 O2 chlorophyll CO2 H2O Limiting factors Photosynthesis and light – limiting factors rate of photosynthesis How does the amount of light affect the rate of photosynthesis on this labelled graph? 1 As the amount of light increases, so does the rate. The limiting factor 2 is light. 2 Here, increasing the amount of light has no affect on the rate. The 1 limiting factor is now carbon dioxide or temperature. light intensity What must be increased for the rate to increase? Photosynthesis and carbon dioxide – limiting factors rate of photosynthesis How does the amount of carbon dioxide affect the rate of photosynthesis on this labelled graph? 1 As the amount of carbon dioxide goes up, so does the rate. The 2 limiting factor is carbon dioxide. 2 Here, increasing the amount of carbon dioxide has no affect on the rate. Light or warmth 1 is now the limiting factor. concentration of What must be increased carbon dioxide for the rate to increase? rate of photosynthesis Photosynthesis and temperature – limiting factors How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis on this labelled graph? 11. As temperature increases, so does the rate because photosynthetic enzymes work best in the warmth. Here, the limiting factor 2 is temperature. 2 Most plant enzymes are 1 destroyed at about 45°C. Here, photosynthesis stops and the rate falls to 0oC temperature 45oC zero. What is the limiting factor? How is glucose stored? • Glucose used for r……… • Energy from respiration is used to make complex carbohydrates such as c…….. • Used to make p…….. along with minerals from the soil (n…….) • Energy from respiration used to make f… & o…. stored in seeds • Glucose is stored as s…… as starch is insoluble, eg potatoes, carrots, onions How are optimum conditions maintained for maximum yield?? Paraffin heaters provide warmth/carbon dioxide Artificial lights Ventilation to control temperature Watering system Quadrat? Transect? Take random samples - avoid bias Ensure you take enough samples for size of area – more valid/ increase reproducibility Ensure you know what quadrats are used for What is a transect? Quantitative Qualitative Mean Mode Median What factors affect the distribution of organisms? Organisms need resources! What abiotic factors may affect their distribution? • Physical factors (ABIOTIC) may affect the distribution of organisms, including: – Temperature – Amount of light – Availability of: • • • • Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Nutrients A quick maths reminder • Define the following terms in as few words as possible, then find them for these numbers: 249352425 • • • • Mean Mode Median Range Mean: add up all the numbers and then divide by the number of numbers (answer: 36/9 = 4) Mode: the value that occurs most often (answer: 2) Median: the "middle" value in the list of numbers when they are arranged in numerical order (answer: 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 9) Range: the difference between the largest and smallest values (answer: 9 – 2 = 7) Sunday, 07 May 2017 Terminal Exam Revision We are learning that….. We will be able to…. Collect A3 paper, 2 x felts Exam questions Revise!!!! During revision tomorrow periods 5 & 6 we will be completing a past paper Proteins….what do you know about them? • Made of elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen • Made of amino acids • Used to make hormones, antibodies and catalysts • Enzymes 22 Active site Enzyme-substrate complex Activation energy 23 If the temperature or pH is changed, the shape of the active site is altered. The substrate can No longer fit into the active site so no product is made 24 At low temperatures the reaction between enzymes & substrate will happen more slowly as there is less energy If the temperature becomes too high…. 25 How does the shape of the enzyme aid the rate of respiration? Role of stomach in digestion? The stomach produces hydrochloric acid to provide the right conditions for stomach enzymes to work effectively Digestion…. Large insoluble food molecules are broken down into smaller, soluble food molecules so that they can diffuse into the bloodstream Bloodstream 26 27 The digestive enzymes Enzyme Carbohydrase Protease Lipase Made in? Food group it acts upon Parts of digestive system it works in 27 cont’ The digestive enzymes Enzyme Made in? Food group it acts upon Carbohydrase Mouth, pancreas, (amylase) Parts of digestive system it works in Carbohydrates Mouth, small intestine small intestine Protease Stomach, pancreas, small intestine Protein Stomach, small intestine Lipase Pancreas, small intestine Lipids (fats) Small intestine 28 Bile… Made in the? Stored in the? Works on?......by………… 29 Uses of enzymes in industry Isomerase….glucose fructose…sweeter Advantages & disadvantages of using 30 enzymes in industry Advantages • Enzymes used at low temperatures so industries cheap to run • Can work at low pressures • Efficient catalysts • Using pure enzymes are more expensive but they do not use any substrate in their process Disadvantages • Enzymes very sensitive to pH & temperature changes. Costs money to control these conditions • Whole microbes used to make enzymes must be supplied with food & oxygen to grow & waste products must be removed What is the energy produced by respiration required for? To build larger molecules from smaller ones For muscle contraction (movement) Maintain body temperature 7 • Equations for aerobic respiration • Heart rate and breathing rate increase • Blood flow to the muscles is increased (as well as the supply of sugar and oxygen), and the rate of removal of carbon dioxide is increased. • Arteries dilate/blood flow increase • Muscle cells/mitochondria • Glycogen – carbohydrate store Respiration 8 rest exercise stops oxygen levels exercise time Anaerobic respiration Lactic acid Oxygen debt Lactic acid carbon dioxide and water Extra oxygen used to oxidise lactic acid 33 Explain the relationship between these parts 34 Mitosis – cell division for growth Same number of chromosomes Eg skin cells 35 Stem cells are UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS Can be grown into different cell types Moral issues…why? Ensure you can say pros/cons with a conclusion 36 Meiosis Used for production of gametes Number of chromosomes of cells produced is halved Takes place in ovaries & testes 37 Mendel Discovered dominant & recessive characteristics before microscopes invented 38 Key words; • Allele • Homologous • Heterozygous • Diploid • Haploid 39 X chromosome Y chromosome Inheritance of sex 40 Cystic fibrosis, a disorder of cell membranes, is caused by a recessive allele. Polydactyly, having extra fingers or toes, is caused by a dominant allele. Fossils Which type of organisms do not fossilise? How are they formed? Why don’t they provide all the evidence? 11 What does this slide represent? Extinction can be caused by???? New predators Competition Disease Pollution Human activity Environmental change Speciation Alleles Isolation Characteristics Mutation Original species Environmental change Can you explain it in terms of alleles? Today…. 1. B2 exam 2. Complete exam paper IN EXAM CONDITIONS – in silence, no communication 3. We will mark the tests 4. Marks will be recorded & grades awarded 5. Complete B2 exam questions – take mark scheme if wanted Now…. 1. Complete enzymes exam questions 2. Create revision resources/make notes using your revision packs 3. Collect & complete inheritance exam questions 1. Today…. Title = ‘B2 exam’ 2. Complete test IN EXAM CONDITIONS – in silence, no communication 3. We will mark the tests 4. Marks will be recorded & grades awarded Grade boundaries • 64% - A* • 57% - A • 44% - B • 33% - C • 26% - D If time allows… • Complete questions for each topic in your revision pack • There are pre-test & end of chapter questions for each topic Key words – list the key words for this topic…. • • • • • • • • • • • • Gene Chromosome DNA Mitosis Fertilisation Gamete Meiosis Mutation Inherit Mendel Homologous Heterozygous • • • • • • • • • • • • • Diploid Haploid Dominant Recessive Cystic fibrosis Stem cell Differentiation Embryo Cell division Allele Fossil Speciation Extinction Key word chop Homo tyly Spec Polydac Gen Isol inant Char Ph zygous All iation Hetero ele otype essive zygous Dom Rec ation Question 4 answers Use good grammar, punctuation, there are points FOR & AGAINST using adult stem cells & not embryonic stem cells. DIFFERENCES between adult & embryonic are explained Examples include • Stem cells are able to change into the types of cell • Stem cells can be removed from adults eg bone marrow • Embryonic stem cells are taken from early embryos before cells have started to change • Unethical as embryo is destroyed • Risk of cancer with embryonic stem cells • Adult stem cells have been used safely for 40 years • Used to treat Leukaemia (or other examples) • Patients have been shown to improve from nervous disorder conditions • Accept other relevant points from doctor’s statement Key words – list the key words for this topic…. • • • • Fossils Speciation Isolation Mutation Mark your speciation practice test homework • Use the mark scheme to do this…. Revise for 15 minutes from BBC Bitesize • KS4 science • AQA Additional • Speciation Key word chop Evi ease Nat ation Am Ext Var tralia Pred dence Aus Dis Isol inction iation Foss ilisation ators ural ber selection Question 4 answers Use good grammar, punctuation, Examples include • Two populations of a species become separated (geographical separation) (1) • Population has a wide range of alleles (genes) (1) • There is variation within a population (1) • Some characteristics will be an advantage (1) • Organisms survive & breed (1) • Populations remain separate for a long time (1) • Populations become different (1) • Can no longer interbreed (1) Review your test mark • Write grade on test sheet at front of book • Do ** & a wish on your checklist or on the next page in your book under today’s date Terminal Exam Revision I will be able to test my knowledge on the topics I have covered this year I will understand key concepts for each topic covered in Additional Biology Sunday, 07 May 2017 Inheritance test We are learning….. • Cell division • Genetic variation • Genetic disorders • Speciation We will be able to…. All: revise the topic of inheritance & speciation Most: achieve target grade in inheritance test Some: exceed target grade in inheritance test Sunday, 07 May 2017 B2 June 2012 exam We are learning….. • Old and new species • Evidence for early forms of life comes from fossils. • Causes of extinction • New species arise as a result of isolation (HT only – genetic variation, natural selection and speciation). We will be able to…. All: revise the topic of B2 Most: achieve target grade on B2 exam Some: exceed target grade in B2 exam Ex study for January 2013 • Revise ALL work for a B2 exam • Use BBC Bitesize, KS4 science, AQA Additional Remember!!!!! • Your Biology exam is on nd Tuesday January 22 • Revise!!!! 1. Today…. Title = ‘B2 exam’ 2. Complete test IN EXAM CONDITIONS – in silence, no communication 3. We will mark the tests 4. Marks will be recorded & grades awarded