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B1 Smart Teach Foundation Session 3 Keywords Key word Definition Nucleus Place inside a cell that contains the DNA (chromosomes). DNA A molecule found in the nucleus of cells, it’s job is to give instruction to make proteins. Gene A section of DNA that codes for one protein. Allele Different version of a gene (example: blue eye allele and brown eye allele). Chromosome X shaped structure made of DNA (found in the nucleus). Genetic Disorder A physical problem caused by a different allele. Carrier Someone who carries the allele for a genetic disorder without having the disorder. Recessive allele A recessive allele only shows if the individual has two copies of the recessive allele. Dominant allele A dominant allele always shows, even if the individual only has one copy of the allele. Genotype Describes the genetic make-up of an organism (the combination of alleles). Phenotype describes the observable, physical characteristics that an organism has. Genetic Disorders Two genetic disorders you need to know about: Cystic Fibrosis – Over production of mucus Sickle Cell Disease – Abnormally shaped red blood cells. Exam Question The diagram shows the genetic inheritance of cystic fibrosis (CF) in a family. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by the CF recessive allele. 1. 2. What is an allele? Complete the punnet square to show how cystic fibrosis is inherited if both parents are carriers. 3. Give the percentage chance of a child being a carrier of CF when both parents are carriers of CF. 50% Punnet Squares • Make sure you put the mothers alleles in the side labelled mother and the fathers alleles in the side labelled father. • Dominant allele first. • A carrier will always have one dominant allele and one recessive allele. • If it asks for percentage chance, you must write the percentage. Percentage chance = Probability = Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis • An overproduction of thick sticky mucus which can lead to: - Weight loss Infertility Breathing problems Tiredness Problems with digestion Exam Questions 1. Describe how cystic fibrosis can cause problems with the absorption of food and oxygen in a person with this disorder (3 marks). 2. Explain why a person can be underweight due to cystic fibrosis (2 marks). Answers 1. Describe how cystic fibrosis can cause problems with the absorption of food and oxygen in a person with this disorder. Answers 2. Explain why a person can be underweight due to cystic fibrosis (2 marks). Sickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Disease can cause a change in the shape of a red blood cell. Eye colour inheritance Eye colour often comes up on the exam. • The diagram below shows the inheritance of eye colour in a family. • The allele for brown eyes is (B) and the allele for blue eyes is (b). 1. 2. 3. What is the genotype of Jacob? What is the phenotype of Jenny? Is Baby J male or female? Eye Colour Punnet Square BROWN eyes (B) – Dominant blue eyes (b) – recessive Exam Question 1. Explain why two parents with the alleles BB and bb for eye colour are unlikely to produce offspring with blue eyes. You should draw a genetic diagram or Punnett square to help with your explanation. Easy marks!! Unlikely but not impossible