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Chapter 3: Water, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids Dr. Amy Rogers • Human body is 2/3 water by weight • On Earth, life first appeared in water What is it about WATER??? Properties of Water n Solvent: Polar & charged solutes n Specific Heat: great insulator n Temperature/Density: Ice floats! n Surface Tension: Walk on water? Sure! Water as a Solvent Hydrophilic: “water loving” interacts with water Polar or Ionic Solute Hydrophobic molecules • Do not dissolve in water • Crucial for maintaining biological “compartments” Water is a good insulator Imagine you are winter camping in the Rocky Mountains. To keep warm, you can take one of these items into your sleeping bag with you: Water bottle heated to 100oF vs. Aluminum brick heated to 100oF Specific Heat: The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1o C Heat buffering by water maintains (relatively) stable temperatures on earth and in animals’ bodies The important macromolecules for cells: n Carbohydrates n Lipids n Proteins n Nucleic Acids Polymers n Many complex organic molecules are polymers (large molecules made up of many similar or identical subunits) Simple Carbohydrates n Monosaccharides (Simple sugars) e.g, glucose, fructose, deoxyribose • Note ending of sugar names is usually ose Complex Carbohydrates n Polysaccharides e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin n Polymers n Bread, of thousands of sugars cereal, pasta Complex Carbohydrates: Starch • Massive polymer of glucose • Energy storage in many plants • When energy is needed, starch is degraded back into glucose Complex Carbohydrates: Glycogen • Main form of carbohydrate storage in animals • In humans, kept primarily in liver and muscle Complex Carbohydrates: Cellulose • Rigid • Cell walls of many organisms: • Trees, cotton, grasses… • Easily the most abundant carbohydrate on earth! • Mammals cannot digest it • Major source of insoluble fiber Lipids n Fats, oils, cholesterol, hormones n Made of C, H, O like carbohydrates but relatively much more H than O n Relatively n Not insoluble in water all are polymers Lipids n Uses: Long-term energy storage n Insulation n Hormones n Separation of biological compartments (membranes) n Energy Storage n Carbohydrates & Lipids are both used by cells to store energy for future use Lipids (fats) n All n membranes are made of lipids Cell membrane, nuclear membrane Proteins: Workers of the world, united n Need something done? Call a protein! n About ½ dry weight of a cell n Enzymes: n mediate chemical reactions Messengers, transporters, defenders, movers, structure builders, poisons, communicators……. Proteins are Polymers n Proteins are long chains of smaller subunits called amino acids n Like letters of the alphabet, they can be strung together in any sequence or length to create a spectacular variety of proteins Amino Acids make polypeptides Proteins: 3D is key n A long straight chain of amino acids is energetically unstable: BONDS will form n Polypeptides fold into a specific conformation n Unique 3D shape of proteins is CRUCIAL for their function Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids n Subunit: nucleotides Nucleotide ATP is vital energy carrier n You will learn much more about ATP soon n Phosphate group Sugar “Base”: A, T, G, C Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids n Nucleotide polymer: Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) n Information molecule Blueprint for protein manufacture n Cell’s “hard drive” n