Download Evolution - Byron High School

Ch. 15 - Evolution
Unit 4 – Evolution (Ch. 14, 15, 16)
1. Define Evolution
2. List the major events that led to Charles Darwin’s development of his theory of
Evolution by means of Natural Selection
3. Summarize the major events of the Geologic Time Scale
4. Compare and contrast early experiments that support the concept of biogenesis and
disproved spontaneous generation
5. List some examples of direct and indirect evidences of evolution
6. List the 6 different types of fossils & the technique used to identify the age of them.
7. Explain what the first cells were thought to be and give characteristics of them
8. Summarize the effects of the different types of Natural Selection on gene pools
9. Relate changes in genetic equilibrium to mechanisms of speciation
10. Explain the role of natural selection in convergent and divergent evolution
11. Analyze the Endosymbiotic Theory - including why the Mitochondria and
Chloroplasts were thought to be on their own.
12. Compare and contrast modern theories of the origin of life
13. Explain how the structural and physiological adaptations of organisms relate to
natural selection
14. Identify adaptations of primates
15. Distinguish the evolutionary relationships of primates
16. Summarize the major anatomical changes in hominids during human evolution
17. List the phylogeny of the human species from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens.
18. Identify what probable explanation allowed humans to get to North America
SWBAT Scale
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4: Same as a 3.0 but I can make inferences &
application to the SWBAT’s
3: I COMPLETELY understand all parts of the
SWBAT
2: I understand MOST of the SWBAT’s with
teacher help
1: I understand a little of the SWBAT’s but
need teacher help
0: I do NOT understand any part of the
SWBAT’s and need help!
Natural Selection

Evidence of Evolution
 Charles Darwin and Natural Selection
○ Evolution – Change in a population over time
 Darwin – wrote “Origin of Species” in 1859
 Darwin was a naturalist on the HMS Beagle (1831-
35)
- Collected specimens on the Galapagos Islands
Natural Selection

Natural Selection
 A mechanism for change in a population
○ Organisms with favorable traits survive to
pass on traits
 Organisms produce more offspring that can survive
 Variations exist among all populations
 Variations that are useful in a given environment are
more likely to be passed to the next generation
 Over time, offspring with that “beneficial” variation
make up most of the population
Crash Course Natural Selection
Natural Selection

Adaptations
 Inherited characteristics which increase the
chances of surviving and reproducing
○ Mimicry
 Structural adaptation to look like another organism
○ Camouflage
 Blending in with the surroundings
○ Physiological adaptations
 Change in metabolic processes
- Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics
Evidence of Evolution

Indirect Evidence of Evolution
 Fossils
○ Provide an early record of early life and possible
relationships to current life on earth
 Anatomy
○ Homologous structures
 Structures that feature with a common evolutionary
origin
- Forelimbs in animals
○ Analogous structures
 Similar function but do not share common ancestors
- Bird and insect wings
Evidence of Evolution
Natural Selection
 Vestigial structure
○ Structure of the body that is believe to no longer
have a function – but may have at one time in
history
 Skeletal legs on a snake
 Embryology
○ Study of early stages of development that shows
similarities between fish, reptiles, birds, and
mammals
 Tails and gill slits
 Biochemistry
○ Study of DNA and RNA that shows the
relatedness of species
Mechanisms of Evolution

Population Genetics and Evolution
 Populations Evolve
○ Not individuals
 Gene Pool
○ All of the different alleles (form of a gene) in a
population
 Allelic frequencies
○ Percentage of any specific allele in the gene pool
 Genetic Equilibrium
○ Frequency of alleles remains the same in a
population over time
Hardy-Weinberg Eq.

Statement that populations will get to a
point where no diversity occurs.
 Only when the following occurs
○ No mutations
○ No genetic drift
 Alterations in allelic frequencies by chance
○ No gene flow
 Individuals cannot migrate (must stay localized)
Natural selection

Types of Natural selection
 Stabilizing selection
○ Favors average individuals within a population
 Ex. Baby’s
Natural Selection
 Directional Selection
○ Favors one of the extreme variations of a trait
 Birds beak
 Disruptive Selection
○ Favor either extreme of a trait
 Black and white (no grey)
Evolution of a species

Speciation
Crash Course on Speciation
 Evolution of a new species
○ Members of a similar populations no longer
able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Geographic Isolation
 Physical barrier divides a population
○ Volcanic eruption, sea-level change
Evolution of species

Reproductive isolation
 Formerly interbreeding, organisms can no
longer mate and produce fertile offspring
○ Mating seasons

Polyploidy
 Species with multiple of the normal set of
chromosomes
○ More common in plants
Evolution of a species

Rate of speciation
 Gradualism – species originate through a
gradual change of adaptations
 Punctuated Equilibrium – speciation occurs
relatively quickly, in rapid bursts with long
periods of genetic equilibrium in between
Patterns of Evolution

Adaptive Radiation
 Ancestral species evolves into an
array of species to fit a number of
diverse habitats
○ Galapagos finches and Hawaiian
honeycreepers

Divergent Evolution
 One species adapt to different
environments and become different
species

Convergent Evolution
 Distantly related organism evolve
similar traits.
Convergent
Evolution
Unit 4 – Evolution (Ch. 14, 15, 16)
1. Define Evolution
2. List the major events that led to Charles Darwin’s development of his theory of
Evolution by means of Natural Selection
3. Summarize the major events of the Geologic Time Scale
4. Compare and contrast early experiments that support the concept of biogenesis and
disproved spontaneous generation
5. List some examples of direct and indirect evidences of evolution
6. List the 6 different types of fossils & the technique used to identify the age of them.
7. Explain what the first cells were thought to be and give characteristics of them
8. Summarize the effects of the different types of Natural Selection on gene pools
9. Relate changes in genetic equilibrium to mechanisms of speciation
10. Explain the role of natural selection in convergent and divergent evolution
11. Analyze the Endosymbiotic Theory - including why the Mitochondria and
Chloroplasts were thought to be on their own.
12. Compare and contrast modern theories of the origin of life
13. Explain how the structural and physiological adaptations of organisms relate to
natural selection
14. Identify adaptations of primates
15. Distinguish the evolutionary relationships of primates
16. Summarize the major anatomical changes in hominids during human evolution
17. List the phylogeny of the human species from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens.
18. Identify what probable explanation allowed humans to get to North America
SWBAT Scale





4: Same as a 3.0 but I can make inferences &
application to the SWBAT’s
3: I COMPLETELY understand all parts of the
SWBAT
2: I understand MOST of the SWBAT’s with
teacher help
1: I understand a little of the SWBAT’s but
need teacher help
0: I do NOT understand any part of the
SWBAT’s and need help!