* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Boundless Study Slides
Survey
Document related concepts
Lymphopoiesis wikipedia , lookup
Immunocontraception wikipedia , lookup
Complement system wikipedia , lookup
Social immunity wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Molecular mimicry wikipedia , lookup
Monoclonal antibody wikipedia , lookup
Adoptive cell transfer wikipedia , lookup
Hygiene hypothesis wikipedia , lookup
Immune system wikipedia , lookup
Adaptive immune system wikipedia , lookup
Innate immune system wikipedia , lookup
Cancer immunotherapy wikipedia , lookup
Polyclonal B cell response wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Using Boundless Presentations The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. Get started now at: http://boundless.com/teaching-platform Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: [email protected] Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com About Boundless Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System Innate Immunity Stress and Immunity Adaptive Immunity Cytokines Antigens Www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book _2302_chapter_21&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_ca mpaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=bo undless Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System (continued) Humoral Immune Response Cell-Mediated Immune Response Development of the Immune System Immune System Disorders and Clinical Cases Www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book _2302_chapter_21&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_ca mpaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=bo undless Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System > Innate Immunity Innate Immunity • Skin and Mucosae (Surface Barriers) • Phagocytes • Natural Killer Cells • Inflammation • Antimicrobial Proteins • Fever Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_2302_chapter_21&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm _medium=direct&utm_source=boundless The Immune System > Stress and Immunity Stress and Immunity • Stress and Immunity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_2302_chapter_21&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm _medium=direct&utm_source=boundless The Immune System > Adaptive Immunity Adaptive Immunity • Overview of Adaptive Immunity • Types of Adaptive Immunity • Maturation of T Cells • Lymphocytes • Antigen-Presenting Cells Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_2302_chapter_21&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm _medium=direct&utm_source=boundless The Immune System > Cytokines Cytokines • Types of Cytokines Participating in Immune Response Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_2302_chapter_21&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm _medium=direct&utm_source=boundless The Immune System > Antigens Antigens • Antigens and Antigen Receptors • Complete Antigens and Haptens • Antigenic Determinants and Processing Pathways Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_2302_chapter_21&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm _medium=direct&utm_source=boundless The Immune System > Humoral Immune Response Humoral Immune Response • Clonal Selection and B-Cell Differentiation • Structure and Function of Antibodies • Role of the Complement System in Immunity • Immunological Memory • Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigens (Self-Antigens) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_2302_chapter_21&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm _medium=direct&utm_source=boundless The Immune System > Cell-Mediated Immune Response Cell-Mediated Immune Response • Clonal Selection and T-Cell Differentiation • Specific T-Cell Roles • Active and Passive Humoral Immunity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_2302_chapter_21&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm _medium=direct&utm_source=boundless The Immune System > Development of the Immune System Development of the Immune System • Development of the Immune System • Aging and the Immune System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_2302_chapter_21&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm _medium=direct&utm_source=boundless The Immune System > Immune System Disorders and Clinical Cases Immune System Disorders and Clinical Cases • Immunodeficiencies • Autoimmune Diseases • Hypersensitivity • Metastasis Through Lymphatic Vessels • Ruptured Spleen • Microbial Evasion of Phagocytosis • Abscesses and Ulcers • Cytokine Therapy • Graft Rejection and Tissue Typing • Organ Transplants • Monoclonal Antibodies • Cancer Immunology • Is Being Too Clean a Bad Thing? • Infectious Mononucleosis • Lymphomas Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_2302_chapter_21&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm _medium=direct&utm_source=boundless The Immune System > Immune System Disorders and Clinical Cases • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_2302_chapter_21&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm _medium=direct&utm_source=boundless Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System Key terms • abscess A cavity caused by tissue destruction, usually because of infection, filled with pus and surrounded by inflamed tissue. • adduct A complex molecule formed by the combination of two or more molecules. A complete antigen is the adduct of a hapten and a carrier. • allograft A surgical transplant of tissue between genetically different individuals of the same species; a homograft or homotransplant. • amphipathic A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups, which allow it to adhere to lipid structures more easily. • antigen A substance that induces an immune response, usually foreign. • antigen A substance that induces an immune response, usually a molecule found on a pathogen, such as a toxin or molecule expressed by the pathogen or pathogen-infected cells. • antigen presenting cell A cell that presents captured antigens to immature T-cells. Dendritic cells and macrophages are the best examples, but several other cells can present antigens as well. • antimicrobial resistance Any mechanism that enables bacteria to evade or inhibit antimicrobial action. • aphthous ulcer An ulcer in the mouth, caused by a break in the mucous membrane. • apoptosis A response in which a cell undergoes programmed cell death, in which the cell and its DNA and other components are destroyed completely. It is a mechanism to stop viral infections, cancer development, and is a result of cellular stress. • arachidonic acid pathway The pathway by which the fever regulator prostaglandin E-2, as well as several inflammatory mediators are produced by pyrogen activity with phospolipids and COX-2, usually in the brain or liver. • Artificially acquired passive immunity Passive immunity gained from transfer of antibodies produced by another organism. This form of immunity is short lived. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System • autoantigen Any antigen that stimulates auto antibodies in the organism that produced it. • autograft Transfer of tissue from one part of the body to another part of the body through surgical procedures • autoimmune diseases Arise from an inappropriate immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body • barrier immune system A component of the innate immune system that refers to the physical and chemical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering and infecting the body. • C5a A complement protein that is an acute phase inflammatory mediator, causing vasodilation and neutrophil chemotaxis. • cancer immunology Study of interactions between the immune system and cancer cells. • cancer immunosurveillance Hypothesis that lymphocytes act as sentinels in recognizing and eliminating continuously arising, nascent transformed cells, and appears to be an important host protection process that inhibits carcinogenesis and maintains regular cellular homeostasis. • capsule The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue which provides some protection from trauma and damage. • cell-mediated immunity Adaptive immunity that is not controlled by antibodies, and is instead mediated directly by immune cells themselves, most notably type 1 helper T cells and cytotoxic T-cells. • chemokine Any of various cytokines, produced during inflammation, that organize the leukocytes by providing a stimuli for chemotaxis. • chronic rejection Occurs over a period of time after transplant • Clonal selection A theory that states that lymphocytes bear antigen receptors before activation, and that random mutations during clonal expansion cause the development of lymphocytes with high binding affinities for their antigen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System • Clonal selection The idea that lymphocytes have antigen specific binding receptors before they encounter with an antigen, and are selected to proliferate because they have the specific antigen receptor needed during an adaptive immune response. • common cause hypothesis Predicts that common disease-causing alleles, or variants, will be found in all human populations which manifest a given disease • Cortisol The hormone that facilitates the physiological response to stress by raising blood sugar to increase cellular metabolism, activating the symapthetic nervous system, and suppressing the inflammatory response. • cytokine Any of various small regulatory proteins or glycoproteins that regulate the cells of the immune system. • cytotoxic Of or relating to cytotoxicity. • cytotoxic hypersensitivity Antibodies produced by the immune response bind to antigens on the patient's own cell surfaces • delayed hypersensitivity the reaction takes two to three days to develop • epitope That part of a biomolecule (such as a protein) that is the target of an immune response • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Virus responsible for causing infectious mononucelosis. • extravasion • exudate Protein rich edema caused by proteins flowing into the tissues during inflammation, which is due to increased vascular permeability and oncotic pressure. • hapten Any small molecule that can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System • Hodgkin's lymphoma A malignant lymphoid neoplasm characterized by the formation of large tumor cells (Reed-Sternberg cells) in the lymph nodes. • human leukocyte antigen (HLA) The name of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans. • humoral Of or relating to the body fluids or humors. • humoral immunity Adaptive immunity which refers to antigen-specific components flowing through the plasma, such as antibodies, their function, and the cells that produce them. • hygiene hypothesis Hypothesis states that a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents, symbiotic microorganisms (e.g., gut flora or probiotics), and parasites increases susceptibility to allergic diseases by suppressing natural development of the immune system • hyperacute rejection manifests severely and within minutes after transplant • hypersensitivity any heightened immune response to an antigen; an allergy • hypersensitivity A disorder in which an adaptive immune response forms memory cells specific to antigens that aren't associated with pathogens. • IL-10 Also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF), is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. • immunoglobulin Any of the glycoproteins in blood serum that respond to invasion by foreign antigens and that protect the host by removing pathogens; an antibody. • immunomodulator A drug used for its effect on the immune system. • immunosenescence The gradual deterioration of the immune system caused by the aging process. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System • immunosuppression The active medical suppression of the immune response. • immunotherapy The treatment of disease by adjusting the body's immune response. • infectious mononucleosis An infectious, widespread viral disease caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), one type of herpes virus. Most people are exposed to the virus as children, when the disease produces no noticeable or only flu-like symptoms. • inflammatory mediator Any chemical released from cells that stimulates the vasodilation and increased permeability that occurs during acute inflammation. • isotype A marker corresponding to an antigen found in all members of a subclass of a specific class of immunoglobulins. • Linear epitopes Epitopes that consist of the primary amino acid structure of a protein that makes up the larger antigen. • lymphatic The lymphatic system carries a clear fluid called lymph, which is formed from interstitial fluid collected through the capillaries. • lymphatic system in mammals, including humans, a network of lymph vessels and lymph nodes that transport fluid, fats, proteins, and lymphocytes to the bloodstream as lymph, and remove microorganisms and other debris from tissues • lymphoid vs. myeloid model This model of lymphopoiesis had the virtue of relative simplicity, agreement with nomenclature and terminology, and is essentially valid for the favorite lab animal, the mouse. pHSC pluripotent, self-renewing, hematopoietic stem cells which give rise to MPP multipotent progenitors, which give rise to ELP (or PRO) Prolymphocytes, early lymphoid progenitors, and finally to the CLP Common lymphoid progenitor, a cell type fully committed to the lymphoid lineage. pHSC, MPP and ELP cells are not fully committed to the lymphoid lineage because if one is removed to a different location it may differentiate into non-lymphoid progeny. However CLP are committed to the lymphoid lineage. • Major Histocompatability Complex I A molecule expressed on cells to signal to immune system cells that those cells are normal cells of that organism's body. Abbreviated as MHC I. • mannan-binding-lectin A carbohydrate-binding-protein that binds to carbohydrates on pathogens to activate the lectin complement pathway. • membrane attack complex The final complex of all complement system pathways that lyses the pathogen. It is composed of C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System • memory B cell A B cell sub-type that is formed following primary infection where the cell recognizes a specific epitope. • Memory T cells A type of T cell that rapdily differentiates into many helper and cytotoxic T cells should the antigen of the Memory T cell be detected again. • monoclonal antibody Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are monospecific antibodies that are the same because they are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope • mucous membranes Specialized epithelium for internal and semi-internal structures that usually secrete mucus and provide some barrier immune system function. • Natural Killer T cells A heterogeneous group of T cells that share properties of both T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, and recognize the non-polymorphic CD1d molecule, an antigen-presenting molecule that binds self- and foreign lipids and glycolipids instead of MHC. • negative selection The process by which T cells are screened so that ones with a high affinity for binding to self antigens (and potentially causing autoimmunity) are destroyed. • organ transplantation Moving of an organ from one body to another (or from a donor site on the patient's own body) • oxidative burst A chemical reaction that occurs in phagocytes, in which an engulfed pathogen is destroyed by exposure to oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species. • paratope That part of the molecule of an antibody that binds to an antigen • peptide A class of organic compounds consisting of various numbers of amino acids in which the amine of one is reacted with the carboxylic acid of the next to form anamide bond. • phagocyte A cell of the immune system, such as a neutrophil, macrophage or dendritic cell, that engulfs and destroys viruses, bacteria and waste materials, or, in the case of mature dendritic cells, displays antigens from invading pathogens to cells of the lymphoid lineage. • Plasma Cell A type of B cell that produces most of the antibodies during development of adaptive immune response. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System • PMN granulocyte A type of phagocyte that contains PMN granules, most notably neutrophils and mast cells, but also includes basophiles and eosinophils. • Positive selection The process by which T cells are screened so that only ones capable of binding to MHC are kept alive. • primary immunodeficiency Any of the many genetic disorders due to an aspect of the body's immune system being either absent or failing to function normally. • pyrogen Any substance that produces fever, or a rise in body temperature, through the arachidonic acid pathway. • secondary immune response The act of being exposed to the same pathogen after the initial immune response. Memory B and T cells will work to rapidly eliminate the pathogen to prevent reinfection. • shoot system the network of new vascular plant growth, which can include stems, flowering stems with flower buds, and leaves • spleen In vertebrates, including humans, a ductless vascular gland, located in the left upper abdomen near the stomach, which destroys old red blood cells, removes debris from the bloodstream, acts as a reservoir of blood, and produces lymphocytes. • stress Emotional pressure suffered by a human being or other animal. • suppression immunotherapies Therapy which dampens an abnormal immune response in autoimmune diseases or reduces a normal immune response to prevent rejection of transplanted organs or cells • Systemic lupus erythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus, often abbreviated to SLE or lupus, is a systemic autoimmune disease that can affect any part of the body. As with other autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body's own cells and tissue, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage. • The Exogenous Pathway A pathway for antigen processing in which phagocytized pathogens are broken down from within the cell, and their broken down antigens bind with MHC II, which then is expressed on the surface of the antigen presenting cell. • thymus A ductless gland, consisting mainly of primary lymphatic tissue, and is the site of lymphocyte maturation and selection. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System • tissue typing A procedure in which the tissues of a prospective donor and recipient are tested for compatibility prior to transplantation • vaccination Inoculation with the weakened form of a pathogen in order to protect against particular disease or strain of disease, by stimulating the development of immunological memory against that pathogen. • western blot The western blot (sometimes called the protein immunoblot) is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in the given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. It uses gel electrophoresis to separate proteins by 3-D structure or denatured proteins by the length of the polypeptide. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System Hypersensitivity pneumonitis High magnification micrograph of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 3.0 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis_high_mag.jpg View on Boundless.com The Immune System New Mixed Myeloid-Lymphoid Progenitor Tree(RCCH) Grayscale Side by side comparison of the new and old lineage models. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "New Mixed Myeloid-Lymphoid Progenitor Tree(RCCH) Grayscale." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Mixed_MyeloidLymphoid_Progenitor_Tree(RCCH)_Grayscale.jpg View on Boundless.com The Immune System Hygiene Hypothesis: Children in the Past Children who had close contact with animals and a dirty environment were less likely to suffer from allergies. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "The Fordway." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Fordway.jpg View on Boundless.com The Immune System Capsule Evasion Bacterial cells of Staphylococcus aureus: its large capsule protects the organism from attack by immunological defenses. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Phagocyte." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocyte%23Pathogen_evasion_and_resistance View on Boundless.com The Immune System Antigen presentation In the upper pathway; foreign protein or antigen (1) is taken up by an antigen-presenting cell (2). The antigen is processed and displayed on a MHC II molecule (3), which interacts with a T helper cell (4). In the lower pathway; whole foreign proteins are bound by membrane antibodies (5) and presented to B lymphocytes (6), which process (7) and present antigen on MHC II (8) to a previously activated T helper cell (10), spurring the production of antigenspecific antibodies (9). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Antigen presentation." GNU FDL 1.2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen_presentation View on Boundless.com The Immune System Genetic Immodeficiencies Chart showing locations of malfunction leading to common errors of lymphocyte development. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Primary immunodeficiency." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_immunodeficiency View on Boundless.com The Immune System Butterfly Rash of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Typical SLE rash presents across the cheekbones or malar region of the face. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Systemic lupus erythematosus." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus View on Boundless.com The Immune System Action of cytokines Mechanisms underlaying the inflammation in COPD. Airway epithelium has complex structure: consists of at least seven diverse cell types interacting with each other by means of tight junctions. Moreover, epithelial calls can deliver the signals into the underlying tissues taking part in the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immune defence. The key transmitters of the signals are dendritic cells. Once pathogenic bacterium (e.g., S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa) has activated particular pattern recognition receptors on/in epithelial cells, the proinflammatory signaling pathways are activated. This results mainly in IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 production. These cytokines induce the chemotaxis to the site of infection in its target cells (e.g., neutrophils, dendritic cells and macrophages). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 3.0 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Commensals_vs_pathogens_mechanism.png View on Boundless.com The Immune System Cells of the Immune System Various cells that participate in immune functions. Note that even though hematopoietic stem cell, erythrocyte, maegakaryocyte and platelets are found in the blood, they do not participate in immune functions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Cells_of_the_immune_system.jpg View on Boundless.com The Immune System Antibody showing antigen binding sites Schematic diagram of an antibody and antigens. Light chains are in lighter blue and orange, heavy chains in darker blue and orange. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Antigen." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen View on Boundless.com The Immune System Hypersensitivity Image shows diffuse ground glass pattern identified of typical centrilobular nodule in a patient with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, often caused by occupational exposure to dust. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 3.0 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Neumonitis_por_hipersensibilidad.jpg View on Boundless.com The Immune System Revised Lineage Myelo-lymphoid flowchart. Revised Lineage Myelo-lymphoid flowchart. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "MLP to DN3 resized annotated-Aug 3 2010." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MLP_to_DN3_resized_annotated-Aug_3_2010.jpg View on Boundless.com The Immune System First Heart Transplant The restored scene from Dr. Barnard's first human heart transplantation - the world's most famous heart of young donor Denise Duval. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/The_guest_from_the_future,_+44_years.JPG View on Boundless.com The Immune System Autoimmune Response Erythema multiform is a rash that appears as an auto-immune response to a predisposing agent: a bacteria, an immunization, an antibiotic (in this case, amoxicillin). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 2.5 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Erythema_multiforme.jpg View on Boundless.com The Immune System Metastatic Breast Cancer Micrograph showing a lymph node invaded by ductal breast carcinoma and with extranodal extension of tumour. The dark purple (center) is lymphocytes (part of a normal lymph node). Surrounding the lymphocytes and extending into the surrounding fat (top of image) is ductal breast carcinoma. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 3.0 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Breast_carcinoma_in_a_lymph_node.jpg View on Boundless.com The Immune System Analyzing Monoclonal Antibodies Two researchers looking at slides of cultures of cells that make monoclonal antibodies. These are grown in a lab, and researchers are analyzing the products to select the most promising. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. Public domain https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Monoclonal_antibodies3.jpg View on Boundless.com The Immune System Lung Tissue Transplant Rejection Very high magnification micrograph of a Masson body seen in lung transplant rejection. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 3.0 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Masson_body_-_very_high_mag.jpg View on Boundless.com The Immune System Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Micrograph of a colorectal adenocarcinoma metastasis to a lymph node, also lymph node metastasis. The cancer (forming glands) is seen at the centretop. Adipose tissue is present on the upper right. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 3.0 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Crc_met_to_node1.jpg View on Boundless.com The Immune System Main Symptoms of Infectious Mononucleosis This graph illustrates the location of the symptoms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Infectious mononucleosis." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis View on Boundless.com The Immune System Lymphoma Macroscopic aspect of the cut surface of a human lymph node replaced by lymphoma. The node was about 6 x 4 cm (2.5" x 1.5"). The lymphoma is the nodules of pinkish tissue surrounded by yellowish fatty tissue. Upon histological examination, the node contained follicular lymphoma. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Lymphoma." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoma View on Boundless.com The Immune System Growing Monoclonal Antibodies Monoclonal antibodies can be grown in unlimited quantities in the bottles shown in this picture. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. Public domain https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Monoclonal_antibodies4.jpg View on Boundless.com The Immune System Ruptured Spleen Spleen ruptured by trauma Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Ruptured spleen." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruptured_spleen View on Boundless.com The Immune System Abcess An abscess is a collection of pus (dead neutrophils) that has accumulated in a cavity formed by the tissue on the basis of an infectious process (usually caused by bacteria or parasites) or other foreign materials (e.g. splinters, bullet wounds, or injecting needles). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Abcess." CC BY-SA 2.0 Germany https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abcess View on Boundless.com The Immune System Antibody Each antibody binds to a specific antigen; an interaction similar to a lock and key. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Antibody." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antibody.svg View on Boundless.com The Immune System Dermis A diagrammatic view of a skin section. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Gray940." License: Other https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray940.png%23filelinks View on Boundless.com The Immune System Dendritic cell Dendritic cell characterized by membranous projections that resemble spines. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Dendritic cell." CC BY 2.5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dendritic_cell.JPG View on Boundless.com The Immune System Leukocyte Differentiation Phagocytes derive from stem cells in the bone marrow. Monocytes differentiate into dendritic cells and macrophages, while mast cells and neutrophils are in a separate group of PMN granuolcytes as well. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Myeloid cells." GNU FDL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myeloid_cells.png View on Boundless.com The Immune System Extravasion of Neutrophils Neutrophils move through the blood to the site of infection by rolling onto the vascular endothelium, and adhering to it in order to slip through small gaps into the tissues during an inflammatory response. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "NeutrophilerAktion." CC BY-SA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NeutrophilerAktion.png View on Boundless.com The Immune System Types of Adaptive Immunity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Lymphocyte_activation_simple.png." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system#/media/File:Lymphocyte_activation_simple.png View on Boundless.com The Immune System Inflammation Toes inflamed by chilblains Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Wintertenen." License: Other https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wintertenen.jpg View on Boundless.com The Immune System Complementary activities of cytotoxic T-cells and NK cells Schematic diagram indicating the complementary activities of cytotoxic T-cells and NK cells. T-cells are activated by recognizing antigens, while NK cells are activated by not recognizing MHC I. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Missingself." GNU FDL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Missingself.svg View on Boundless.com The Immune System The modes of action by antimicrobial peptides Antimicrobial peptides multiple various modes of action. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Modes of action." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modes_of_action.png View on Boundless.com The Immune System Mechanism of Selectivity of Antimicrobial Peptides Cell membranes of bacteria are different from the cell membranes of plants and animals and are preferentially targeted by the antimicrobial proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Mechanim of Selectivity of Antimicrobial Peptides." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mechanim_of_Selectivity_of_Antimicrobial_Peptides.jpg View on Boundless.com The Immune System Skin Ulcer Erythema nodosum—lesions that occur in some patients suffering from inflammatory bowel syndrome. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Ulcer (dermatology)." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology) View on Boundless.com The Immune System Performance of the various types of fever Performance of the various types of fever; a) Fever continues b) Fever continues to abrupt onset and remission c) Fever remittent d) Intermittent fever e) Undulant fever f) Relapsing fever Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Febbre." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Febbre.gif View on Boundless.com The Immune System Antigen presentation Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells. Cytotoxic cells directly attack other cells carrying certain foreign or abnormal molecules on their surfaces. Helper T cells, or Th cells, coordinate immune responses by communicating with other cells. In most cases, T cells only recognize an antigen if it is carried on the surface of a cell by one of the body's own MHC, or major histocompatibility complex, molecules. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Antigen presentation." GNU FDL 1.2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antigen_presentation.svg View on Boundless.com The Immune System Antibody An antibody is made up of two heavy chains and two light chains. The unique variable region allows an antibody to recognize its matching antigen Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Antibody." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antibody.jpg View on Boundless.com The Immune System Blood cells Scanning electron micrograph of T lymphocyte (right), a platelet (center), and a red blood cell (left). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Red White Blood cells." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg View on Boundless.com The Immune System Immunity Flow chart diagram depicting the divisions of Immunity Natural immunity occurs through contact with a disease causing agent, when the contact was not deliberate, where as artificial immunity develops only through deliberate actions of exposure. Both natural and artificial immunity can be further subdivided, depending on the amount of time the protection lasts. Passive immunity is short lived, and usually lasts only a few months, whereas protection via active immunity lasts much longer, and is sometimes life-long. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. GNU FDL 1.2 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Immunity.png/600px-Immunity.png View on Boundless.com The Immune System Lymphocyte A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a single human lymphocyte. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Lymphocyte." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte View on Boundless.com The Immune System Interleukin-1 Crystallographic structure of human interleukin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Interleukins." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukins View on Boundless.com The Immune System Fluorescein Molecule Fluorescein is an example of a hapten used in molecular biology. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Fluorescein." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescein View on Boundless.com The Immune System Antigen-Binding Site of an Antibody Antigen-binding sites can recognize different epitopes on an antigen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Antigen." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen View on Boundless.com The Immune System T-dependent B cell activation T cell-dependent B cell activation, showing a TH2-cell (left), B cell (right), and several interaction molecules Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "T-dependent B cell activation." License: Other http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T-dependent_B_cell_activation.png View on Boundless.com The Immune System The Classical and Alternative Complement Pathways The classical and alternative complement pathways start off differently, but end in the same cascade of complement proteins that combine to form a membrane attack complex. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Complement_pathway.png." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_4#/media/File:Complement_pathway.png View on Boundless.com The Immune System Immune response When B and T cells begin to replicate, some of the offspring that they produce will end up becoming long-lived memory cells. These memory cells will remember all specific pathogens encountered during the animal's lifetime and can thus call forth a strong response if the pathogen ever invades the body again. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Immune response." GNU FDL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Immune_response.jpg View on Boundless.com The Immune System MHC Class I processing MHC class I pathway: proteins in the cytosol are degraded by the proteasome, liberating peptides internalized by TAP channel in the endoplasmic reticulum, there associating with MHC-I molecules freshly synthesized. MHC-I/peptide complexes enter Golgi apparatus, are glycosylated, enter secratory vesicles, fuse with the cell membrane, and externalize on the cell membrane interacting with T lymphocytes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "MHC Class I processing." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MHC_Class_I_processing.svg View on Boundless.com The Immune System MHC Class II MHC class II protein molecule. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "MHC Class 2." GNU FDL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MHC_Class_2.svg View on Boundless.com The Immune System MHC Class I MHC class I protein molecule. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "MHC Class 1." GNU FDL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MHC_Class_1.svg View on Boundless.com The Immune System Clonal selection of lymphocytes A hematopoietic stem cell undergoes differentiation and genetic rearrangement to produce lymphocytes in the immune system. Clonal selection of lymphocytes: 1) A hematopoietic stem cell undergoes differentiation and genetic rearrangement to produce 2) immature lymphocytes with many different antigen receptors. Those that bind to 3) antigens from the body's own tissues are destroyed, while the rest mature into 4) inactive lymphocytes. Most of these will never encounter a matching 5) foreign antigen, but those that do are activated and produce 6) many clones of themselves. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Clonal selection." CC BY-SA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonal_selection View on Boundless.com The Immune System T cell Activation T cells become activated upon encountering a pathogen and can become either cytoxic T or helper T cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "T cell." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell View on Boundless.com The Immune System Innate and adaptive immunity in the immune system This chart depicts the different divisions of immunity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Immunity (medical)." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_(medical) View on Boundless.com The Immune System Attribution • Wikipedia. "Natural Killer T cells." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20Killer%20T%20cells • Wikipedia. "T cell." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell • Wiktionary. "Hodgkin's lymphoma." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hodgkin's+lymphoma • Wikipedia. "Lymphomas." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphomas • Wiktionary. "spleen." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spleen • Wikipedia. "Ruptured spleen." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruptured_spleen • Wikipedia. "Splenectomy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenectomy • Wiktionary. "immunoglobulin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immunoglobulin • Wikipedia. "western blot." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/western%20blot • Wikipedia. "monoclonal antibody." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/monoclonal%20antibody • Wikipedia. "Monoclonal antibody therapy." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody_therapy • Wikipedia. "Monoclonal antibodies." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibodies • Wiktionary. "phagocyte." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phagocyte • Wikipedia. "capsule." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/capsule • Wikipedia. "Phagocyte." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocyte%23Pathogen_evasion_and_resistance • Wiktionary. "immunosuppression." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immunosuppression • Wiktionary. "Systemic lupus erythematosus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Systemic+lupus+erythematosus Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System • Wikipedia. "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_Lupus_Erythematosus • Wiktionary. "hapten." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hapten • Wikipedia. "Hapten." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapten • Wikipedia. "organ transplantation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/organ%20transplantation • Wiktionary. "autograft." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autograft • Wiktionary. "allograft." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/allograft • Wikipedia. "Organ transplantation." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplantation • Wiktionary. "chemotaxis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chemotaxis • Wikipedia. "mesenchymal cells." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mesenchymal%20cells • Wikipedia. "epithelial cells." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/epithelial%20cells • Wikipedia. "Phagocyte." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocyte • Wikipedia. "Cytotoxic T cells." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic%20T%20cells • Wikipedia. "Natural killer cell." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cell • Wiktionary. "amphipathic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amphipathic • Wiktionary. "peptide." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peptide • Wikipedia. "Antimicrobial peptides." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_peptides • Wiktionary. "stress." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stress • Wikipedia. "lymphoproliferative response." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lymphoproliferative%20response • Wikipedia. "Stress (biology)." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biology)%23Immune_response Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System • Wiktionary. "lymphatic system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lymphatic+system • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physiology/definition/lymphatic • Wikipedia. "Metastasis." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis%232._Lymphatic_spread • Wikipedia. "Metastasis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis • Wiktionary. "major histocompatibility complex." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/major+histocompatibility+complex • Wikipedia. "T cell epitopes." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%20cell%20epitopes • Wikipedia. "Antigenic determinants." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenic_determinants • Wikipedia. "infectious mononucleosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/infectious%20mononucleosis • Wikipedia. "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-Barr%20virus%20(EBV) • Wikipedia. "Infectious mononucleosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis • Wikipedia. "hygiene hypothesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hygiene%20hypothesis • Wikipedia. "Hygiene hypothesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis • Wiktionary. "abscess." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abscess • Wiktionary. "aphthous ulcer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aphthous+ulcer • Wikipedia. "Mouth ulcer." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_ulcer%23Immune_system • Wikipedia. "Aphthous ulcer." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphthous_ulcer • Wikipedia. "Abcess." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abcess • Wiktionary. "hypersensitivity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypersensitivity • Wikipedia. "cytotoxic hypersensitivity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cytotoxic%20hypersensitivity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System • Wikipedia. "delayed hypersensitivity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/delayed%20hypersensitivity • Wikibooks. "Immunology/Hypersensitivity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Immunology/Hypersensitivity • Wikipedia. "Hypersensitivity." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitivity • Wikipedia. "Hypersensitivity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitivity • Wikipedia. "Artificially acquired passive immunity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificially%20acquired%20passive%20immunity • Wikipedia. "Humoral immunity." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humoral_immunity • Wikipedia. "Passive immunity." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_immunity • Wiktionary. "tissue typing." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tissue+typing • Wikipedia. "hyperacute rejection." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hyperacute%20rejection • Wikipedia. "chronic rejection." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chronic%20rejection • Wikipedia. "Graft rejection." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graft_rejection • Wikipedia. "Tissue typing." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_typing • Wiktionary. "vaccination." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vaccination • Wikibooks. "Structural Biochemistry/Genetic code/Immune System." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Genetic_code/Immune_System%23Immunological_Memory • Wikipedia. "cancer immunology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cancer%20immunology • Wikipedia. "cancer immunosurveillance." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cancer%20immunosurveillance • Wikipedia. "Cancer immunology." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_immunology • Wikipedia. "Immunotherapy." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunotherapy • Wikipedia. "B cells." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%20cells Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System • Wiktionary. "T cells." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/T+cells • Wikipedia. "natural killer (NK) cells." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/natural%20killer%20(NK)%20cells • Wikipedia. "Lymphocyte." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte • Wiktionary. "integumentary system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/integumentary+system • Wikipedia. "Mucous membrane." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membrane • Wikipedia. "Mucosal immune system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosal_immune_system • Wikipedia. "Skin." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin • Wikipedia. "Intestinal mucosa." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_mucosa%23Mucosa • Wiktionary. "pyrogen." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pyrogen • Wiktionary. "thermoregulation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thermoregulation • Wikipedia. "Fever." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/shoot-system • Wiktionary. "cytotoxic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cytotoxic • Wikipedia. "Antigen presentation." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen_presentation • Wiktionary. "chemokine." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chemokine • Wikipedia. "IL-10." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL-10 • Wiktionary. "cytokine." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cytokine • Wikipedia. "Lymphokines." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphokines • Wikipedia. "Interleukins." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukins Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System • Wikipedia. "Cytokines." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokines • Wikipedia. "lymphoid vs.myeloid model." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lymphoid%20vs.%20myeloid%20model • Wikipedia. "Immunology." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology%23Developmental_immunology • Wikipedia. "Lymphopoiesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphopoiesis%23Stages_of_development • Wiktionary. "antigen." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antigen • Wiktionary. "autoantigen." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autoantigen • Wikipedia. "Antigen." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen • Wikipedia. "autoimmune diseases." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/autoimmune%20diseases • Wikipedia. "common cause hypothesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/common%20cause%20hypothesis • Wikipedia. "Autoimmune disease." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease • BioMed Central. "BMC Bioinformatics | Full text | The Autoimmune Disease Database: a dynamically compiled literaturederived database." CC BY 2.0 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/7/325 • Wiktionary. "immunotherapy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immunotherapy • Wikipedia. "suppression immunotherapies." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/suppression%20immunotherapies • Wiktionary. "immunomodulator." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immunomodulator • Wikipedia. "Cytokine." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine • Wikipedia. "Immunotherapy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunotherapy • Wiktionary. "primary immunodeficiency." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/primary+immunodeficiency • Wikipedia. "Immunodeficiency." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunodeficiency • Wiktionary. "thymocyte." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thymocyte Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System • Wikipedia. "T cell." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell • Wikibooks. "Immunology/Introduction." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Immunology/Introduction • Wiktionary. "complement system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/complement+system • Wiktionary. "innate immune system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/innate+immune+system • Wikipedia. "Complement system." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_system • Wiktionary. "immunosenescence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immunosenescence • Wikipedia. "Immunosenescence." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosenescence • Wikipedia. "pattern recognition receptors." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pattern%20recognition%20receptors • Wikipedia. "Inflammation." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation • Wiktionary. "apoptosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apoptosis • Wiktionary. "humoral." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/humoral • Wikipedia. "memory B cell." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/memory%20B%20cell • Wikipedia. "B cell." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell • Wikipedia. "Clonal selection." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonal_selection • Wikipedia. "human leukocyte antigen (HLA)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/human%20leukocyte%20antigen%20(HLA) • Wikipedia. "Major histocompatibility complex." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex • Wiktionary. "epitope." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epitope • Wiktionary. "paratope." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paratope • Wiktionary. "isotype." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isotype Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Immune System • Wikipedia. "Antibodies." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodies • Wiktionary. "antigen." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antigen • Wikipedia. "Immune system." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system%23Innate_immune_system • Wiktionary. "thymus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thymus • Wikipedia. "B cell." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell • Wikipedia. "T cell." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell • Wikipedia. "Immune cells." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_cells • Wiktionary. "antigen." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antigen • Wiktionary. "macrophage." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/macrophage • Wiktionary. "antibody." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antibody • Wikipedia. "Adaptive immune system." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com