* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Unit 3 - History of Life on Earth
Survey
Document related concepts
Sexual selection wikipedia , lookup
Evidence of common descent wikipedia , lookup
Paleontology wikipedia , lookup
Natural selection wikipedia , lookup
Hologenome theory of evolution wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of life wikipedia , lookup
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals wikipedia , lookup
On the Origin of Species wikipedia , lookup
Transitional fossil wikipedia , lookup
Theistic evolution wikipedia , lookup
Saltation (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
8/6/2013 Unit 3: Ideas of How Life Changes Over Time History of Life on Earth Mrs. Petrov Empedocles • Lived from ________________ • Sicily (Greek governance) • 4 elements of the universe ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ 1 8/6/2013 Empedocles Theories • The first creatures had been disembodied ____________________________. • These organs finally joined into whole organisms, through the force of “Love”. Empedocles Theories • Some of these organisms, being monstrous and unfit for life, had died out. • Chance, not the Gods, played the major role of organism selection. • Conceived of his "natural selection" as a past event, not as an ongoing process. 2 8/6/2013 ___________________________ • Lived from 384 - 322 BC • Greece Aristotle’s Theories • _____________________all matter. • Living things want to be _________________ (most “perfect”). • As organisms form they die off if not in the most perfect form. • Many species present since there are so many “_________________” to be human. 3 8/6/2013 Fall of the Empires • Greek and Roman empires collapsed and Christianity became dominant. • All ideas of “evolution” were thought of as sacrilegious. • Other religions played a role during this time… 4 8/6/2013 Islamic Views • Al-Jahiz (776-878 AD) speculated on the influence of the _______________________ on animals and considered the effects of the environment on the likelihood of an animal to survive. Islamic Views • Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406 AD) • Muqaddimah (first published in 1377) • Humans developed from "the world of the ___________________" 5 8/6/2013 Taoism Views • Chuang Tzu • Denied that species are “fixed” and proposed that species had developed different characteristics in response to differing _________________________ Evaluation • For each scientist/philosopher… – Describe some good AND bad points of their ideas • Evaluate the role of religion/”Gods” in 3 of the above ideas. Was it a positive influence or a negative influence, and why do you think that? 6 8/6/2013 The Physical Aspect • Immense evidence from the ________________ _______________ has provided insight into how life changes. • Catastrophism vs. Gradualism _________________________________ • Georges _____________________– 1800’s • Idea that sudden, recurring catastrophes are responsible for many features present on Earth. – – – – Mountains Water in certain places but not others “Banding” in rock layers Loss of plant/animal species 7 8/6/2013 ________________________________ • ____________________________________ – The Earth has been subjected to slow, gradual forces over it’s history. – The land we see today was not the same land one would see thousands of years ago. 8 8/6/2013 Does life do this too? • Scientists proposed numerous theories to explain how life itself changes. • Many more un-published records of possible mechanisms than those actually published… Three Major Ideas • Life is unchanging • Life changes according to a ‘Plan’ • Life changes in response to environmental changes 9 8/6/2013 Unchanging? • Changes in ________lead to changes in _______________________________… just within days sometimes! 10 8/6/2013 Intelligent Design • Some “agent” designed all life and has a plan for them. • Imperfect organisms aren’t imperfect, we just can’t see the perfection. Intelligent Design? 11 8/6/2013 Environmental Influence • Organisms change in response to changing environments • This has been the major route for scientific studies on how life changes over time. The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species • Darwin’s ideas had deep historical roots 12 8/6/2013 1809 Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution. 1798 Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” 1812 1858 Cuvier publishes his extensive studies of vertebrate fossils. 1795 Hutton proposes his principle of gradualism. 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. While studying species in the Malay Archipelago, Wallace (shown in 1848) sends Darwin his hypothesis of natural selection. 1790 1809 183136 Charles Darwin is born. Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. 1870 1859 On the Origin of Species is published. 1844 Darwin writes his essay on descent with modification. The Galápagos Islands Ideas About Change over Time • The study of _________________ helped to lay the groundwork for Darwin’s ideas • Fossils are remains or traces of organisms from the past, usually found in sedimentary rock, which appears in layers or ___________ 13 8/6/2013 Figure 22.3 Sedimentary rock layers (strata) Younger stratum with more recent fossils Older stratum with older fossils • Paleontology, the study of fossils, was largely developed by French scientist Georges Cuvier • Cuvier advocated catastrophism, speculating that each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe 14 8/6/2013 • Geologists James Hutton and Charles Lyell perceived that changes in Earth’s surface can result from slow continuous actions still operating today • Lyell’s principle of __________________________________ states that the mechanisms of change are constant over time • This view strongly influenced Darwin’s thinking Lamarck’s Hypothesis of Evolution • Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through ___________________________ of body parts and the inheritance of __________________________ characteristics • The mechanisms he proposed are unsupported by evidence 15 8/6/2013 • Carolus Linnaeus interpreted organismal adaptations as evidence that the Creator had designed each species for a specific purpose • Linnaeus was the founder of ________________________ , the branch of biology concerned with classifying organisms • He developed the binomial format for naming species (for example, Homo sapiens) Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life • Some doubt about the permanence of species preceded Darwin’s ideas 16 8/6/2013 The Voyage of the Beagle • During his travels on the Beagle, Darwin collected specimens of South American plants and animals • He observed that fossils resembled living species from the same region, and living species resembled other species from nearby regions • He experienced an earthquake in Chile and observed the uplift of rocks • Darwin was influenced by Lyell’s Principles of Geology and thought that the earth was more than 6000 years old • His interest in geographic distribution of species was kindled by a stop at the Galápagos Islands west of South America • He hypothesized that _____________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ 17 8/6/2013 Figure 22.5a Great Britain EUROPE NORTH AMERICA ATLANTIC OCEAN The Galápagos Islands AFRICA Equator Chile PACIFIC OCEAN Andes Mtns. SOUTH AMERICA Malay Archipelago PACIFIC OCEAN Brazil AUSTRALIA Cape of Argentina Good Hope Tasmania New Zealand Cape Horn Figure 22.5c The Galápagos Islands PACIFIC OCEAN Pinta Genovesa Marchena Santiago Fernandina Isabela 0 20 40 Kilometers Equator Daphne Islands Pinzón Santa Santa Cruz Fe Florenza San Cristobal Española 18 8/6/2013 Darwin’s Focus on Adaptation • In reassessing his observations, Darwin perceived ___________________________ to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes • From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage, biologists have concluded that this is what happened to the Galápagos finches Figure 22.6a (a) Cactus-eater 19 8/6/2013 Figure 22.6b (b) Insect-eater Figure 22.6c (c) Seed-eater 20 8/6/2013 • In 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on __________________ _____________________ as the mechanism of descent with modification, but did not introduce his theory publicly • Natural selection is a process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce • In June 1858, Darwin received a manuscript from Alfred Russell Wallace, who had developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwin’s • Darwin quickly finished The Origin of Species and published it the next year The Origin of Species • Darwin explained three broad observations: – ________________________________________ – ________________________________________ – ________________________________________ 21 8/6/2013 Descent with Modification • Darwin never used the word ________________________ in the first edition of The Origin of Species • The phrase ___________________________ ___________________________________ summarized Darwin’s perception of the unity of life • The phrase refers to the view that all organisms are related through descent from an ancestor that lived in the remote past • In the Darwinian view, the history of life is like a tree with branches representing life’s diversity • Darwin’s theory meshed well with the hierarchy of Linnaeus 22 8/6/2013 Figure 22.8 Hyracoidea (Hyraxes) Sirenia (Manatees and relatives) †Moeritherium †Barytherium †Deinotherium †Mammut †Platybelodon †Stegodon †Mammuthus Elephas maximus (Asia) Loxodonta africana (Africa) Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa) 60 34 24 Millions of years ago 5.5 2 104 0 Years ago Artificial Selection, Natural Selection, and Adaptation • Darwin noted that humans have ____________________ other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits, a process called ______________________ selection • Darwin drew two inferences from two observations 23 8/6/2013 Figure 22.9 Cabbage Selection for apical (tip) bud Brussels sprouts Selection for axillary (side) buds Broccoli Selection for flowers and stems Selection for stems Selection for leaves Kale Wild mustard Kohlrabi • Observation #1: ___________________________ ________________________________________ 24 8/6/2013 • Observation #2: All species can produce _______ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ • Inference #1: Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of ______________________and ________________________ in a given environment tend to ______________________________________ ______________________________________ 25 8/6/2013 • Inference #2: This _________________ ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to ___________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ • Darwin was influenced by Thomas Malthus, who noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources • If some heritable traits are _________________________________, these will accumulate in a population over time, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with these traits • This process explains the match between organisms and their environment 26 8/6/2013 • Note that _________________________ do not evolve; _____________________ evolve over time • Natural selection can only increase or decrease heritable traits that vary in a population • Adaptations vary with different environments Natural Selection: A Summary • Individuals with certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals • Natural selection increases the adaptation of organisms to their environment over time • If an environment changes over time, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions and may give rise to new species 27 8/6/2013 Figure 22.UN02 Observations Inferences and Figure 22.12a (a) A flower mantid in Malaysia 28 8/6/2013 Figure 22.12b (b) A leaf mantid in Borneo Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence • New discoveries continue to fill the gaps identified by Darwin in The Origin of Species 29 8/6/2013 Direct Observations of Evolutionary Change • Two examples provide evidence for natural selection: natural selection in response to introduced plant species, and the evolution of drug-resistant bacteria Natural Selection in Response to Introduced Plant Species • Soapberry bugs use their “beak” to feed on seeds within fruits • In southern Florida soapberry bugs feed on balloon vine with larger fruit; they have longer beaks • In central Florida they feed on goldenrain tree with smaller fruit; they have shorter beaks • Correlation between fruit size and beak size has also been observed in Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Australia 30 8/6/2013 • In all cases, beak size has evolved in populations that feed on introduced plants with fruits that are smaller or larger than the native fruits • These cases are examples of evolution by natural selection • In Florida this evolution in beak size occurred in less than 35 years Figure 22.13a Soapberry bug with beak inserted in balloon vine fruit 31 8/6/2013 Figure 22.13b RESULTS Beak 10 On native species, southern Florida 8 Number of individuals 6 4 2 0 Museum-specimen average 10 On introduced species, central Florida 8 6 4 2 0 6 7 8 9 Beak length (mm) 10 11 The Evolution of Drug-Resistant Bacteria • The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found on people • One strain, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a dangerous pathogen • S. aureus became resistant to penicillin in 1945, two years after it was first widely used • S. aureus became resistant to methicillin in 1961, two years after it was first widely used 32 8/6/2013 • Methicillin works by inhibiting a protein used by bacteria in their cell walls • MRSA bacteria use a different protein in their cell walls • When exposed to methicillin, MRSA strains are more likely to survive and reproduce than nonresistant S. aureus strains • MRSA strains are now resistant to many antibiotics Figure 22.14 2,750,000 1 250,000 base pairs 2,500,000 Chromosome map of S. aureus clone USA300 500,000 Key to adaptations 2,250,000 Methicillin resistance Ability to colonize hosts 750,000 Increased disease severity 2,000,000 Increased gene exchange (within species) and toxin production 1,000,000 1,750,000 1,500,000 1,250,000 33 8/6/2013 • Natural selection does not ______________ new traits, but _______________________ for traits _________________________________ in the population • The local environment determines which traits will be selected for or selected against in any specific population Other Evidence of Evolution • ____________________________ • ____________________________ • ____________________________ 34 8/6/2013 Anatomical and Molecular Homologies • ___________________________ is similarity resulting from common ancestry • Homologous structures are anatomical resemblances that represent ________________________ on a structural theme present in a common ancestor • Comparative embryology reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms • Examples of homologies at the molecular level are genes shared among organisms inherited from a common ancestor Figure 22.15 Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Human Cat Whale Bat 35 8/6/2013 Figure 22.16 Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Chick embryo (LM) Human embryo Homologies and “Tree Thinking” • Evolutionary trees are hypotheses about the relationships among different groups • Evolutionary trees can be made using different types of data, for example, _____________________________________ _____________________________________ 36 8/6/2013 Figure 22.17 Branch point Lungfishes Amniotes 2 Digitbearing limbs Amnion Mammals Lizards and snakes 3 4 Homologous characteristic Tetrapods Amphibians 1 Crocodiles Ostriches 6 Feathers Birds 5 Hawks and other birds A Different Cause of Resemblance: Convergent Evolution • Convergent evolution is the evolution of similar, or ______________________, features in distantly related groups • Analogous traits arise when groups ____________________________ adapt to _________________________ environments in similar ways • Convergent evolution does not provide information about _____________________ 37 8/6/2013 Figure 22.18 NORTH AMERICA Sugar glider AUSTRALIA Flying squirrel The Fossil Record • The fossil record provides evidence of the extinction of species, the origin of new groups, and changes within groups over time • Fossils can document important transitions – For example, ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 38 8/6/2013 Figure 22.20 Other even-toed ungulates Hippopotamuses †Pakicetus †Rodhocetus Common ancestor of cetaceans †Dorudon Living cetaceans 70 60 50 40 30 20 Millions of years ago 10 0 Key Pelvis Femur Tibia Foot 39