Download Life Science Reference Charts

Life Science Reference Charts
All living things
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are made up of cells.
obtain and use energy.
get rid of waste.
exchange gases with the environment.
reproduce.
grow and develop.
respond to the environment.
Incomplete Metamorphosis – Three Life Cycle Changes
Complete Metamorphosis – Four Life Cycle Changes
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Cell Theory
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All living things are made up of one or more cells.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Cells are the basic unit of life.
Mitochondria use sugar for cellular respiration.
 Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy stored in ATP
 Oxygen is used to release energy from glucose.
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ALL cells
 function similarly in all organisms.
 need energy, which animal and plant cells get from cellular respiration.
 make waste that moves across the cell and out the cell membrane.
 divide to cause growth and development of the organism.
ALL organisms
 need energy, which animals get by eating and plants get by making their
own food through photosynthesis.
 make waste.
 grow and develop due to cell division.
Unicellular organisms: living things made up of only one cell.
 There are more unicellular organisms than multicellular organisms.
 They include mostly bacteria and protists.
 They typically reproduce asexually.
 They do not specialize because there is only one cell; the one cell must
perform all functions for the organism.
 They get energy all on their own.
Multicellular organisms: living things made up of many cells.
o There are fewer multicellular organisms than unicellular organisms.
o They include mostly plants and animals.
o They typically reproduce sexually.
o Cells divide to make more cells.
o Cells differentiate into different kinds of specialized cells.
o Specialized cells perform particular functions for the organism as a whole.
o Many cells work to get energy for the cell or organism.
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Biomes Graph
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Biomes and Ecosystems
Both biomes and ecosystems are characterized by living and nonliving features.
Living features (biotic factors)
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plants
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animals
Nonliving features (abiotic factors)
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elevation
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type of soil
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amount of sunlight
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availability of water
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range of temperature
Habitats and Niches
Habitat: a unique environment in which an organism lives.
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part of an ecosystem where an organism can survive
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must be able to satisfy all of an organism’s needs
o food
o water
o light
o shelter
o water
Each habitat has a characteristic community of organisms.
Niche: a role that a population has within its community.
Generally, only one population can fill a niche in a particular community.
Organisms with similar niches can exist in similar habitats within different
ecosystems.
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Relationships between Organisms
Predation occurs when one animal (predator) kills and eats another animal (prey).
Cheetahs are predators of wildebeests.
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Competition occurs between organisms (within or between species) that both
need the same resource (e.g. food, water, space, sunlight, nutrients, shelter).
Courtesy of Fotolia © drsuth48 - Fotolia.com
Indigo bunting competing with a hooded warbler for shelter
Mutualism is a relationship in which two organisms both benefit from interacting.
Microscopic view of lichen
Courtesy of V. Ahmadjian/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.
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Commensalism is a relationship in which one organism is helped and the other is
not harmed.
Hermit crab living inside a Giant Triton shell
Parasitism is a relationship in which one organism (the parasite) harms another
(the host).
Tick sucking the blood of a white-tailed deer
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Food Chain
A food chain illustrates the flow of energy through a group of particular species.
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Food Web
A food web shows the flow of energy through a whole community or ecosystem.
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Energy Pyramid
Energy pyramid for the spruce-fir forest:
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Carbon cycle:
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Nitrogen cycle:
The transfer of matter can create problems when toxic substances are transferred
through an ecosystem.
Dangerous chemicals like mercury and DDT can be transferred through the food
chain until they concentrate in high-level consumers, like humans!
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Mitosis
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Steps of Mitosis:
is a series of changes that a cell
goes through during cell
division.
has four steps: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase.
produces two identical daughter
cells.
is how multicellular organisms
grow and develop and repair
themselves.
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Meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms
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must occur before an organism can sexually reproduce.
produces sperm and egg cells with only half the total number of
chromosomes of the organism.
ensures that sexually produced offspring are never identical to either of
their parents.
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Punnett Square
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a tool for determining the
possible genotypes for the
children of two parents
does not predict the exact
genotypes of the offspring, but
only the relative probabilities of
the offspring having a particular
genotype
used to predict the possible sex
of the offspring
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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is the molecule that makes up the
chromosomes of organisms.
has a double helix structure.
is made up of nucleotides, the
genetic code of the organism.
has nucleotides at regular
intervals along the helix.
has nitrogen bases adenine (A),
guanine (G), cytosine (C), and
thymine (T).
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
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DNA:
RNA:
is used to send information from
the nucleus out to other parts of
the cell.
has a single helix structure.
is made up of nucleotides, the
genetic code of the organism.
has nucleotides at regular
intervals along the helix.
has nitrogen bases adenine (A),
guanine (G), cytosine (C), and
uracil (U).
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Evidence for Evolution
Fossils: any evidence that organisms from the past have left behind.
Fossils show a clear evolutionary sequence, since less complex organisms can
be found in older rocks than more complex organisms.
Intermediate forms: fossils that show how a group of organisms evolved over
time.
Organisms share many anatomical features that are best explained by
understanding that they have a common ancestor.
Example: Mammals including humans and bats have similar skeletal
structures.
Vestigial trait: a trait that no longer performs the function for which it originally
evolved.
More closely related organisms  more similar DNA code
DNA shows a pattern of inheritance with modifications.
Example: Dolphins have inactive genes for smelling things in the air
inherited from ancestors who lived on land.
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Evolutionary trees:
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cover long periods of time
show relationships between whole species
A last common ancestor shares some traits with all the organisms that
descended from it.
The last common ancestor of two species had two different offspring, one that is
an ancestor of the first species, and the other that is an ancestor of the second
species.
The farther back along the tree diagram the node for two organisms is, the more
time has passed since their last common ancestor lived, and the less closely
related those two organisms are.
Scientists use fossil evidence, evidence from the anatomy of each organism, and
DNA evidence to determine an evolutionary tree.
Fossil organisms can be added to tree diagrams as well.
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Domains and Kingdoms of Life:
Organisms are identified by their genus and species.
Tiger (Panthera tigris)
Humans (Homo sapiens)
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Organisms are made up of cells. Examples include skeletal muscle cells, cardiac
muscle cells, and nerve cells.
Cells are organized into tissues, which are groups of cells that work together.
Examples include skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and nervous
tissue.
Organs are made of tissues and perform a specific function for the organism. For
example, skeletal muscle moves bone, the heart pumps blood, and the brain
coordinates the functions of the body.
An organ system is a group of organs that work together to meet a major need of
the organism.
Human body system
Major structures
Integumentary
Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil
glands
Skeletal
Bones and ligaments
Muscular
Circulatory
Muscles and tendons
Heart, blood vessels, blood
Respiratory
Nose, larynx, trachea, lungs
Digestive
Esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine
Kidneys, ureters, bladder,
urethra
Excretory
Nervous
Endocrine
Brain, nerve pathways, eyes,
ears
Pituitary gland, thyroid gland,
pancreas, adrenal glands
Reproductive
Male: testes, penis
Immune
Female: ovaries, uterus,
vagina
Skin, stomach, and nose act as
initial defense; macrophages
and antibodies fight infection
Major functions
Protects the body and
maintains the internal
environment
Gives the body strength and
structure
Allows the body to move
Transports materials to cells
and carries waste from cells
Obtains oxygen from the air
and transfers it to the blood;
removes carbon dioxide from
the blood and expels this
carbon dioxide from the body
Breaks down food so that it
can be used by the body
Filters wastes from the blood
and removes them from the
body
Coordinates actions and
transmits signals in the body
Produces and secretes
hormones, which regulate the
body
Produces offspring
Protects the body from
disease and fights infection
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Plants have basic structures that contribute to their ability to make, use, and
store food.
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Roots anchor plants to the ground and absorb nutrients and water from the
soil.
Stems transport materials such as nutrients and water from the roots to the
leaves.
Leaves allow a plant to perform photosynthesis.
Flowering plants reproduce sexually.
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