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Life Science Reference Charts All living things are made up of cells. obtain and use energy. get rid of waste. exchange gases with the environment. reproduce. grow and develop. respond to the environment. Incomplete Metamorphosis – Three Life Cycle Changes Complete Metamorphosis – Four Life Cycle Changes © 2012 CompassLearning Cell Theory All living things are made up of one or more cells. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. Mitochondria use sugar for cellular respiration. Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy stored in ATP Oxygen is used to release energy from glucose. © 2012 CompassLearning ALL cells function similarly in all organisms. need energy, which animal and plant cells get from cellular respiration. make waste that moves across the cell and out the cell membrane. divide to cause growth and development of the organism. ALL organisms need energy, which animals get by eating and plants get by making their own food through photosynthesis. make waste. grow and develop due to cell division. Unicellular organisms: living things made up of only one cell. There are more unicellular organisms than multicellular organisms. They include mostly bacteria and protists. They typically reproduce asexually. They do not specialize because there is only one cell; the one cell must perform all functions for the organism. They get energy all on their own. Multicellular organisms: living things made up of many cells. o There are fewer multicellular organisms than unicellular organisms. o They include mostly plants and animals. o They typically reproduce sexually. o Cells divide to make more cells. o Cells differentiate into different kinds of specialized cells. o Specialized cells perform particular functions for the organism as a whole. o Many cells work to get energy for the cell or organism. © 2012 CompassLearning Biomes Graph © 2012 CompassLearning © 2012 CompassLearning Biomes and Ecosystems Both biomes and ecosystems are characterized by living and nonliving features. Living features (biotic factors) • plants • animals Nonliving features (abiotic factors) • elevation • type of soil • amount of sunlight • availability of water • range of temperature Habitats and Niches Habitat: a unique environment in which an organism lives. • part of an ecosystem where an organism can survive • must be able to satisfy all of an organism’s needs o food o water o light o shelter o water Each habitat has a characteristic community of organisms. Niche: a role that a population has within its community. Generally, only one population can fill a niche in a particular community. Organisms with similar niches can exist in similar habitats within different ecosystems. © 2012 CompassLearning Relationships between Organisms Predation occurs when one animal (predator) kills and eats another animal (prey). Cheetahs are predators of wildebeests. © 2012 CompassLearning Competition occurs between organisms (within or between species) that both need the same resource (e.g. food, water, space, sunlight, nutrients, shelter). Courtesy of Fotolia © drsuth48 - Fotolia.com Indigo bunting competing with a hooded warbler for shelter Mutualism is a relationship in which two organisms both benefit from interacting. Microscopic view of lichen Courtesy of V. Ahmadjian/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. © 2012 CompassLearning Commensalism is a relationship in which one organism is helped and the other is not harmed. Hermit crab living inside a Giant Triton shell Parasitism is a relationship in which one organism (the parasite) harms another (the host). Tick sucking the blood of a white-tailed deer © 2012 CompassLearning Food Chain A food chain illustrates the flow of energy through a group of particular species. © 2012 CompassLearning Food Web A food web shows the flow of energy through a whole community or ecosystem. © 2012 CompassLearning Energy Pyramid Energy pyramid for the spruce-fir forest: © 2012 CompassLearning Carbon cycle: © 2012 CompassLearning Nitrogen cycle: The transfer of matter can create problems when toxic substances are transferred through an ecosystem. Dangerous chemicals like mercury and DDT can be transferred through the food chain until they concentrate in high-level consumers, like humans! © 2012 CompassLearning Mitosis Steps of Mitosis: is a series of changes that a cell goes through during cell division. has four steps: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. produces two identical daughter cells. is how multicellular organisms grow and develop and repair themselves. © 2012 CompassLearning Meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms must occur before an organism can sexually reproduce. produces sperm and egg cells with only half the total number of chromosomes of the organism. ensures that sexually produced offspring are never identical to either of their parents. © 2012 CompassLearning Punnett Square a tool for determining the possible genotypes for the children of two parents does not predict the exact genotypes of the offspring, but only the relative probabilities of the offspring having a particular genotype used to predict the possible sex of the offspring DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that makes up the chromosomes of organisms. has a double helix structure. is made up of nucleotides, the genetic code of the organism. has nucleotides at regular intervals along the helix. has nitrogen bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). RNA (ribonucleic acid) DNA: RNA: is used to send information from the nucleus out to other parts of the cell. has a single helix structure. is made up of nucleotides, the genetic code of the organism. has nucleotides at regular intervals along the helix. has nitrogen bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U). © 2012 CompassLearning Evidence for Evolution Fossils: any evidence that organisms from the past have left behind. Fossils show a clear evolutionary sequence, since less complex organisms can be found in older rocks than more complex organisms. Intermediate forms: fossils that show how a group of organisms evolved over time. Organisms share many anatomical features that are best explained by understanding that they have a common ancestor. Example: Mammals including humans and bats have similar skeletal structures. Vestigial trait: a trait that no longer performs the function for which it originally evolved. More closely related organisms more similar DNA code DNA shows a pattern of inheritance with modifications. Example: Dolphins have inactive genes for smelling things in the air inherited from ancestors who lived on land. © 2012 CompassLearning Evolutionary trees: cover long periods of time show relationships between whole species A last common ancestor shares some traits with all the organisms that descended from it. The last common ancestor of two species had two different offspring, one that is an ancestor of the first species, and the other that is an ancestor of the second species. The farther back along the tree diagram the node for two organisms is, the more time has passed since their last common ancestor lived, and the less closely related those two organisms are. Scientists use fossil evidence, evidence from the anatomy of each organism, and DNA evidence to determine an evolutionary tree. Fossil organisms can be added to tree diagrams as well. © 2012 CompassLearning Domains and Kingdoms of Life: Organisms are identified by their genus and species. Tiger (Panthera tigris) Humans (Homo sapiens) © 2012 CompassLearning Organisms are made up of cells. Examples include skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, and nerve cells. Cells are organized into tissues, which are groups of cells that work together. Examples include skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Organs are made of tissues and perform a specific function for the organism. For example, skeletal muscle moves bone, the heart pumps blood, and the brain coordinates the functions of the body. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to meet a major need of the organism. Human body system Major structures Integumentary Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands Skeletal Bones and ligaments Muscular Circulatory Muscles and tendons Heart, blood vessels, blood Respiratory Nose, larynx, trachea, lungs Digestive Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Excretory Nervous Endocrine Brain, nerve pathways, eyes, ears Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands Reproductive Male: testes, penis Immune Female: ovaries, uterus, vagina Skin, stomach, and nose act as initial defense; macrophages and antibodies fight infection Major functions Protects the body and maintains the internal environment Gives the body strength and structure Allows the body to move Transports materials to cells and carries waste from cells Obtains oxygen from the air and transfers it to the blood; removes carbon dioxide from the blood and expels this carbon dioxide from the body Breaks down food so that it can be used by the body Filters wastes from the blood and removes them from the body Coordinates actions and transmits signals in the body Produces and secretes hormones, which regulate the body Produces offspring Protects the body from disease and fights infection © 2012 CompassLearning Plants have basic structures that contribute to their ability to make, use, and store food. Roots anchor plants to the ground and absorb nutrients and water from the soil. Stems transport materials such as nutrients and water from the roots to the leaves. Leaves allow a plant to perform photosynthesis. Flowering plants reproduce sexually. © 2012 CompassLearning