Download Psychological Disorders-Mood

MOOD DISORDERS
Mood Disorders
• Mental disorders characterized by
disturbances of mood that are intense
and persistent enough to be maladaptive
• Normal range of mood…
– Major Depressive disorder
– Dysthymic disorder
– Bipolar disorder
Approximately 20.9 million American adults, or
about 9.5 percent of the U.S. population
age 18 and older in a given year, have a mood
disorder.
The median age of onset for mood disorders is 30
Depressive disorders often co-occur with anxiety
disorders and substance abuse.
Who is Affected by Depression?
•Major depressive disorder affects approximately
14.8 million American adults, or about 6.7 percent
of the U.S. population age 18 and older, in a given
year.
•While major depressive disorder can develop at
any age, the median age at onset is 32.
•Major depressive disorder is more prevalent in
women than in men.
•As many as one in 33 children and one in eight
adolescents have clinical depression.
•People with depression are four times as likely to
develop a heart attack than those without a history
of the illness.
•Eating disorders: 50-75% of eating disorder
patients (anorexia and bulimia) experience
depression.
•Substance use: 27% of individuals with substance
abuse disorders (both alcohol and other
substances) experience depression.
•Diabetes: 8.5-27% of persons with diabetes
experience depression.
Women and Depression
•Women experience depression at twice the rate of men.
•This 2:1 ratio exists regardless of racial or ethnic
background or economic status.
•The lifetime prevalence of major depression is 20-26% for
women and 8-12% for men.
•Postpartum mood changes can range from transient "blues"
immediately following childbirth to an episode of major
depression and even to severe, incapacitating, psychotic
depression.
•Studies suggest that women who experience major
depression after childbirth very often have had prior
depressive episodes even though they may not have been
diagnosed or treated.
Economic Impact of Depression
•Major depressive disorder is the leading cause of
disability in the U.S. for ages 15-44.
•Major depression is the leading cause of
disability worldwide among persons five and
older.
•Depression ranks among the top three
workplace issues, following only family crisis and
stress.
•Depression’s annual toll on U.S. businesses
amounts to about $70 billion in medical
expenditures, lost productivity and other costs.
Major Depressive Disorder
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Clinical depression/Major Depression
Unipolar depression
Single-episode or recurrent episodes
Symptoms must occur for at least 2 weeks
Subtypes:
– Post-partum onset
– S.A.D.
• Secondary symptoms…
Depression…symptoms
Sleep disturbance
Interest 
Guilt/worthlessness
Energy  = fatigue
Concentration 
Appetite disturbance/weight gain/loss
Psychomotor agitation/retardation
Suicidal/thoughts of death
Causes of Depression
• Genetic Predisposition
–+ stressful life events
• Neurotransmitters
–Serotonin
–Dopamine
• Cognitive Theories
• Behavioral Theories
SEROTONIN
Plays important role as a neurotransmitter in the modulation &
control of:
anger, aggression, body temperature, mood, sleep,
sexuality, appetite and metabolism.
A hormone most commonly associated with mood.
Release of the chemical by the brain linked with well-being.
Found in pineal gland, blood platelets, digestive tract, brain &
nerve tissue.
Concentrated in certain areas of the brain:
Hypothalamus and Midbrain contain large amounts
Cortex and Cerebellum contain low concentrations.
SEROTONIN
Like most neurotransmitters, stored in granules inside nerve
endings.
Serotonin is a chemical derived from the amino acid tryptophan.
Brain concentrations are affected by diet:
Generally, carbohydrate-rich diets increase tryptophan levels,
accelerating serotonin production.
Some protein-rich diets compete with tryptophan to get across
the blood-brain barrier, depress tryptophan uptake into the
brain, and reduce serotonin levels.
DOPAMINE
Hormone-like substance, is an important neurotransmitter.
When present in normal quantities, dopamine facilitates critical brain
functions
More recently, researchers have explored dopamine
neurotransmission role in the abuse of drugs
ranging from stimulants, such as amphetamines and cocaine,
to depressants, such as morphine and other opioids, and
alcohol.
Dopamine is produced in several areas of the brain:
Ventral tegmental area
midbrain affecting: cognition, motivation drug addiction
Substantial nigra
midbrain affecting: reward, addiction, and movement
Cocaine—reuptake inhibitor
Amphetamines—expulsion of large quantities
Dysthymia
low-level state of depressed mood that lasts a long time. The
depressed state of dysthymia is not as severe as with major
depression, but can be just as disabling.
Symptoms:
* Low self-esteem,self-confidence, feelings of inadequacy
* Feelings of pessimism, despair or hopelessness
* Generalized loss of interest or pleasure
* Social withdrawal
* Chronic fatigue or tiredness
* Feelings of guilt or brooding about the past
* Subjective feelings of irritability or excessive anger
* Decreased activity, effectiveness or productivity
* Difficulty in thinking: poor memory, poor concentration
or indecisiveness
Dysthymia
Dysthymic disorder is diagnosed when these symptoms
last for more than two years in adults and a person has
not been symptom-free for > two months at a time.
People with dysthymia may be unaware that they have
an illness. They might be able to go to work and manage
their lives to some degree.
However, they may be irritable, stressed, or sleepless
much of the time.
Many people with dysthymia believe their symptoms are
just part of their personality. It may be more difficult for
them to seek treatment.
About 3-6% of the population has dysthymic disorder.
People with dysthymia often have their first symptoms
earlier in life than those with major depressive disorder
or bipolar disorder.
Bipolar Disorder
• Previously known as Manic-Depression
• Experience both manic and depressive
episodes
– Mania = emotional state characterized by
intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement
and euphoria, along with impulsivity
• Cycles…not mood swings
• High rate of suicide
Bipolar Disorder Statistics
Who is Affected by Bipolar Disorder?
•Bipolar disorder affects approximately 5.7 million adult
Americans, or about 2.6% of the U.S. population age 18 and
older every year.
•The median age of onset for bipolar disorder is 25 years
although the illness can start in early childhood or as late as
the 40's and 50's.
•An equal number of men and women develop bipolar
illness and it is found in all ages, races, ethnic groups and
social classes.
•More than two-thirds of people with bipolar disorder have at
least one close relative with the illness or with unipolar
major depression, indicating that the disease has a
heritable component.
Women and Bipolar Disorder
•Although bipolar disorder is equally common in
women and men, research indicates that
approximately three times as many women as
men experience rapid cycling.
•Other research findings indicate that women
with bipolar disorder may have more depressive
episodes and more mixed episodes than do men
with the illness.
Children and Adolescents
•Bipolar disorder is more likely to affect the children of parents
who have the disorder.
•When one parent has bipolar disorder, the risk to each child is l5
to 30%. When both parents have bipolar disorder, the risk
increases to 50 to 75%.
•Bipolar Disorder may be at least as common among youth as
among adults. In a recent NIMH study, one percent of adolescents
ages 14 to 18 were found to have met criteria for bipolar disorder
in their lifetime.
•Some 20% of adolescents with major depression develop bipolar
disorder within five years of the onset of depression.
•Up to one-third of the 3.4 million children and adolescents with
depression in the United States may actually be experiencing the
early onset of bipolar disorder.
Mood Disorders-Bipolar
PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises
and falls with emotional swings
Depressed state
Manic state
Depressed state
Mood Disorders & Suicide
• Not all people who commit suicide
are depressed; Not all depressed
people commit suicide
• Associated with mood disorders,
especially bipolar disorder
~also schizophrenia
Monday 02/23
Option 1 Case Study
Mood &/or Anxiety Disorders
Contact Facility/Practice
Receive Permission & Interview
(Common Cases, Recidivism, Greatest
Challenges, Trends, Pharmaceutical
Views Opportunities)
Respect Anonymity
Post Results
Option 2: Volunteer Crisis Call Center
Locate
Serve
Reflect
Respect Anonymity
Post Results
HEADING:
Name of Agency/Organization
Position of Contact Professional w) Phone &/or Email
Time(s)/Date(s) of Interview/Service
WRITE-UP:
Depth: Minimum 500 words
Format: Q & A or Essay
Content:
Intro Why you selected, what you hoped to find out
Body Range of questions and responses addressing
common cases, recidivism/relapse, challenges,
trends, opportunities, etc.
Conclusion Reflections
Remember: you may use a case study, but that will be
considered supplemental (EXTRA) to the primary assignment.
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