Download bureaucracies

GROUPS WITHIN
SOCIETY
CHAPTER 3, SECTIION 4
GROUPS
Two or more people
Can be very intimate(family)
Can be very formal (congress)
4 MAJOR FEATURES
Two or more persons
Interaction among members(greeting a friend in
the hall at school)
• Members must share expectation
• Members must posses some sense of common
identity.
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AGGREGATE
• People gather at the same place and time but lack
organization or lasting patterns of interactions:
passengers in a bus, people in a ticket line, the
crowd at a baseball game.
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SOCIAL CATEGORY
• Classification of people according to a common
status or trait
• Students, men , women, left handed people
Size
• Dyad : 2 in a group
• Each member has direct control over its existence.
• If one leaves or fails to agree then the dyad ends.
• Triad : 3 persons The group takes life of its own.One
can’t disband it.
• Large group : More face to face relations. A group
of ten can make 45 relationships.
TIME
• Groups differ in the time they remain together. Some
meet once and never again. Others exist for many
years like your family.
• Most groups fall in any of these categories.
Regardless of the type of group, interaction is never
continuous.Few people are together 24 hours a day.
• A family meets at different periods of the day.
ORGANIZATION
• The organization of a group can be formal or
informal.
• Formal group: structure ,goals and activities of a
group are clearly defined.
• Student government of your school is a formal
group.Meetings are conducted according to rules.
• Informal group : no structure or established rules of
conduct. Your groups of friends do not have rules or
structure of meeting
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INFORMAL GROUP
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FORMAL GROUP
PRIMARY GROUPS:
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small group interacting directly for long time
face to face
deep communication- direct,personal basis
Informal structure
The entire self of the individual is taken into account.
The most common are family relations.
SECONDARY GROUPS
Interaction is impersonal and temporary.
Classroom.political party,factory
These involve only part of the individual self.
Casual and limited in personal involvement
The importance of the person in the group depends
in their function he or she performs in a group.
• An individual can be replaced easily.
• can occasionally develop a primary relation.
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REFERENCE GROUPS
• Any group with whom the person identifies and
whose attitudes and values they adopt.
• Groups of friends at school,members of a particular
occupation,church
• Growing up or changing social conditions often
make an individual change their reference group.
• The choice of a reference group is important
because it influences in a possitive or a negative
way the individuals behavior.
IN –GROUPS & OUT GROUPS
• Every group has boundaries; methods of distinguishing
between members and nonmembers.
• IN-GROUP : The group in which an individual identifies.
• People tend to separate themselves from others
through the use of symbols; badges, clothing,names ,
or slogans.
• Tend to view themselves as something possitive and
downward or in a negative way to the out-group.
• The competition is relatively peaceful but can turn into
conflict and violence.
ELECTRONIC COMMUNITIES
• Have developed through the computer technology,
the INTERNET People share ideas and interact with one
another.
• Some members of electronic communities exhibit
behaviors as in a primary group. They
argue,discuss,gossip,and even flirt.
• SOCIAL NETWORK: The web of relationships formed by
the sum total of a person’s interactions with other
people.
• These do not have boundaries and do not give rise to
a common sense of identity.
• Provide a feeling of community and with opportunities
of social interaction and career advancement.
• Provide support system that can help through stressful
time.
GROUP FUNCTIONS
• Set boundaries to know who is in or out. They use
symbols,cloth,gestures,language,hand signals
• Have leaders who influence attitudes and opinions of
others. Instrumental leaders are task oriented.Help
group reach their goal.
Expressive leaders keep the group emotionoriented.Keep group together and maintain morale.
Groups must set goals,assign tasks and make decisions.
To set goals the group must assign tasks to members
Setting goals and assigning tasks takes making
decisions.
Groups need to control members behavior so they must
have norms that ensure conformity.
Conformity:behavior in accordance with accepted rules.
ACTIVITY 5 PTS.
• IN AND OUT GROUPS
Groups of three
List groups at school
List their boundaries- hairstyle, clothing,body
language, slang, location
To which group does each one of you belong?
THE STRUCTURE OF FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS
• A formal organization is a large complex secondary group
established to achieve specific goals.
• Schools
• Businesses
• religious organizations
• Political organizations
• Labor unions
• Proffesional organizations
• Most are formed in a structure called bureaucracy.
BUREAUCRACY
BUREAUCRACY
• A ranked authority structure that operates
according to specific rules and procedures.
• BUREAUCRACIES have existed since Mesopotamia,
ancient China,India and Rome.
• Rose to prominence until the Industrial Revolution.
• RATIONALITY involves subjecting every feature of
human behavior to calculation,measurement and
control. Bureaucracies were created to rationally
organize groups to complete a set of goals.
• Getting admitted into a big hospital,apply for a
drivers license makes you go through a
bureaucracy.
5 CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACIES
2. Division
of labor
1. Ranking
of authority
5. Lines of
promotion and
advancement
3. Employment
based on formal
qualifications
4.Written rules
and
regulations
ADVANTAGES OF BUREAUCRACIES
• Best method of coordinating large
number of people to achieve
large-scale goals.
• Create order
ADVANTAGES OF BUREAUCRACIES
1.
2.
3.
• Best method of coordinating large number of people to
achieve large-scale goals.
• Create order
• Provide stability in the organization.
DISADVANTAGES OF BUREAUCRACIES
Don’t fullfill specific goals; goal displacement.They abandon
their original purpose in favor of another.
Others emphasize their need to exist regardless whether or
not they continue to provide useful services.
Their formal structure requires to follow rules closely and officials focus
on that and sometimes ignore the goals of the bureaucracy.
It sometimes causes extreme delays
People make long lines, fill out so many papers ,get stuck in
one department before moving to another.
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
PERSONALITY
is the sum of :
PERSONALITY
• NATURE
• Heredity: transmission of
genetic characteristics from
parents to children.Human
behavior is instinctal;biological
inhereted behavioral patterns.
• Instincts are responsible for
everything such as laughing,
motherhood ,warfare etc.
• Sociobiology:
• Traits as religion ,competition,
religion,cooperation and envy
are rooted in humans genetic
code,
• NURTURE
• Social environment
• Learning
• Through scientific studies it has
been proven that instincts can
be taught. Infants can be
trained to be anything ;
doctors,artists or even thieves.
BIRTH
ORDER
HEREDITY
FACTORS
AFFECTING
PERSONALITY
CULTURAL
ENVIRONMENT
PARENTS
HEREDITY
HEREDITY
• The transmission of genetic characteristics
from parents to child through birth.
• Can be physical, aptitudes or personality traits.
• APTITUDE is the capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a
specific body of knowledge.
• Some aptitudes can be learned while others can be inherited.
• Inherited aptitudes develop through environmental factors. Parents
can encourage or discourage development of these aptitudes.
• Parental reinforcement may affect how personality traits as shyness,
sociability and aggression develop.
BIRTH ORDER
• People born first have different perspectives than people born in the
middle.
• Children born first are more achievement oriented and responsible than
later-born children.
• Later-born children tend to be more into social relationships , friendly
and affectionate.
BIRTH ORDER
Only / first born children
Confident ,perfectionist,
organized
Middle children
Flexible,diplomatic,independent,
balanced,generous
Last-born children
Willing to take
risks,outgoing,creative,rebellious
PARENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Personality development in children is
also influenced by parents’ characteristics.
These parental characteristics influence the
childs personality :
• Level of education
• Religious orientation
• Economic status
• Cultural heritage
• Occupational background
CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
• Determines the basic types of personalities that will be
found in a society.
Each culture gives rise to a series of personality traits.
In the USA , competitiveness , assertiveness , and
individualism are common personality traits.
The region of a country or type of neighborhood in which
an individual is raised also
affects personality.
Cultural differences in attitudes,
expectations and behavior
affect the personalities of adults.
HEREDITY TRAITS CHART
Physical traits
aptittudes
personality
CHART YOUR PERSONALITY
Heredity
Birth order
Parental
characteristics
Educ,reli,eco,cul
occup.
Cultural
environment
FERAL CHILDREN:NO SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT
• Untamed,wild. These children have been raised
without the influence of social environment. No
reasoning ability,no manners,and no ability to
control their bodily functions.
• Children learn from parents and others in the
environment.
FERAL CHILD INVESTIGATION
In groups of 3 and 2 groups of 2 investigate a case of
a feral child .Include results about effort to teach
them after he or she was found.
P.P.P.
• 4 slides-introduction of the case,effort, the end,and
pictures.
THE SOCIAL SELF
• Its through interaction with social and cultural
environment that humans are transformed into
participating members of society.
• SOCIALIZATION is the interactive process through
which people learn the basic skills ,values, beliefs
and behavior patterns in a society.
• There are different theories on how people become
socialized and develop a sense of self.
3 THEORIES OF SOCIALIZATION
• John Locke –English philosopher 1600’s
• Said every newborn child is a clean page on which
anything can be written.
• Charles Horton Cooley: social psychologist. Famous
for his interactionist perspective. The LOOKING
GLASS SELF is that we base our image on how others
see us. Other people act as a mirror reflecting back
the image we project through their reactions to our
behavior.
THE LOOKING GLASS SELF
• This theory puts the responsibility on parents and other
primary group members who have contact with children.
Parents who think little of a child ability or children who
percieve this attitude from the parents will likely give rise to
feelings of inferiority .
• Parents who treat children as capable and competent are
likely to produce children who are capable and competent.
• For Cooley this goes on throughout life . Individuals adjust
their self images continually as they reinterpret the way they
think others view them.
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD;ROLE TAKING
• According to Mead we see ourselves as other see us
and we start acting according to this.He used the
term significant others meaning those who directly
influence our socialization. We first internalize the
expectations of people close to us.
• As the individual ages significant others become in
shaping the sense of his or her self.Now the
expectations of society take an added importance
in guiding our behavior and reinforcing our sense of
self.
• Mead called the expectations and view points of
society the generalized other.
SIGNIFICANT
OTHERS
• We see ourselves on
how our primary
group sees us and
act like that.
• Society expectations
our behavior
GENERALIZED shapes
and guides our sense
OTHERS
of self.
MEAD’S CHILDREN ROLE TAKING
Under 3 years
Children lack sense
of self,only imitate
3-6 years
Children start
taking roles of
others
School age
Participate in games
and teams,take on
their own
roles.anticipatexpectat
ions of others.
In role taking individuals develop a sense of
self.
The I
Theunsocialized,
spontaneous
self-interested
part
of
personality and
self identity.
The Me
The part that is
aware of
expectations
and attitudes of
society-the
socialized self
THE 2 RELATED PARTS OF THE SELF
I
• In childhood the I is
stronger than the me.
• The I is never totally
dominated by the me.
me
• Through socialization
the me gains power
acting together with
the I bringing actions
with expectations and
attitudes of society.
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
In 1959 the sociologist Erwing Goffman proposed
the idea of DRAMATURGY.
Social Interaction is like a drama being performed on
stage. We change our personalities according to
what impression we want to make. Most people
make an effort to play their roles well and manage
the impressions that the audience receives.
He examined how we change that self according to
the audience.
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
According to Goffman we change our self depending on the
audience.
People are like an
audience
People judge
each other
performances to
determine each
individual
character.
People make an
effort to play their
role well and
manage the
impressions that
audience receives.