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Name: _____________________________ Period:__________ Study Guide for Final **Scientific Method Steps of Scientific Method: 1. question 2. hypothesis 3. test the hypothesis 4. collect data 5. analyze results 6. draw conclusions 7. communicate results Control vs. Variable: Control always stays the same Variable: changes Independent variable (manipulated variable)-changed to test a hypothesis Dependent variable (responding variable)-changes in response to the independent variable Parts of a Microscope: Eyepiece Objective lenses Nosepiece Diaphragm Coarse and fine adjustment knob Stage Stage clips Base Arm **Characteristics of living things: 6 characteristics of living things: 1. cells 2. sense and respond to change 3. reproduce 4. chemicals 5. use energy 6. grow & develop 4 Necessities of all living things: food, water, homeostasis, space to live Building Blocks of Carbohydrates: simple sugars Lipids: simple fats Proteins: amino acids Nucleic acids: nucleotides **Cell organelles Functions of: nucleus- stores DNA: control center of the cell ER- internal delivery system of the cell Vacuole- stores water, nutrients Golgi body- external delivery system, packaging center Cytoplasm- fluid inside of cell Cell membrane-controls what goes in and out of the cell. Animal Cells vs. Plant Cells Animal cells-lysosomes- contain enzymes that speed up chemical reactions Plant cells- cell wall, chloroplast, and large vacuole **Cellular transport: Diffusion: movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration Osmosis: movement of water particles from high to low concentration Active vs. Passive: active requires ATP, passive does not Photosynthesis reaction: carbon dioxide + water -- oxygen +glucose Cellular respiration reaction: oxygen + glucose - carbon dioxide + water+ATP ** Punnett Squares Dominant vs. Recessive traits: dominant appears in every generation Recessive usually skips generations Punnett Squares: need to be able to fill in punnett and determine % & fraction results ** DNA Structure & Mitosis and Meiosis Nucleotides: three parts: sugar, phosphate, base Chargaff’s Rule: A-T, G-C Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Mitosis: makes 2 body cells that are identical to the original cell (46 chromosomes) Meiosis: makes 4 sex cells that contain 23 chromosomes (1/2) in each cell ** Evolution and Natural Selection Theory of Natural Selection: process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Adaptation: trait that helps an organism survive in its environment. **Ecology Population Vs, Community vs. Ecosystem Niche- organism’s role in its habitat Habitat- an environment that provides the things an organism needs to live, grow, and reproduce. Succession: Primary vs. Secondary Primary- series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organisms exist. Secondary- occurs in an area where organisms are being disturbed, where soil and organisms exist. Commensalism- one benefits and the other is not affected Parasitism- one benefits and the other is harmed Mutualism- both benefit Food Chain vs. Food Web- food chain is one direct path of energy while food webs show multiple paths of energy Biomes Tundra- permafrost, cold, arctic areas, foxes, wolves, polar bears Deciduous Forest- four seasons, oak trees, deer Tropical Rainforest-diverse, lots of rainfall, humid Temperate Rain Forest-lots of rainfall, coniferous trees, four seasons Grasslands- bison, antelope, warm, Africa and US Desert- less than 25 cm of rainfall, cacti, snakes ** Classification Levels of Classification: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Characteristics of Kingdoms: Archaebacteria: live in extreme conditions Eubacteria: E.coli Plantae: green, producers that carry out photosynthesis ** Chapter Seven: Fungi: decomposers; absorb nutrients Protista: multicellular; eukaryotic Animalia: multicellular, have the ability to move Three shapes of bacteria: rod-like, spiral, spherical Binary fission- simple cell division where it splits into two new cells Conjugation- bridge forms between two bacterial cells and genetic material is exchanged Active vs. Hidden: Active-takes over right away Hidden- becomes part of the hosts cell’s DNA for a longer period of time. Human Body Systems Part of a bone: Compact, Spongy, Marrow Function of red and yellow marrow: Red- makes red blood cells Yellow- stores fat Three types of muscle tissue and where they are located: a. Smooth- digestive system b. Cardiac- heart c. Skeletal- along bones How are involuntary and voluntary muscle different? Involuntary- not under conscious control Voluntary- under conscious control Know the functions of the following organs: Liver: Makes bile Pancreas: Makes enzymes that help with digestion Gallbladder: Stores bile Stomach: mechanical and chemical digestion take place here using Pepsin Small intestine: chemical digestion and absorption take place here Large intestine: waste is readied for elimination from the body