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Biology 2013 Spring Exam Review Per ____ 1. Name _____________ Date ______________ The symbol 1N is used to identify the number of chromosomes in _________________________. 2. If an organism’s diploid number is 16, what is its haploid number? ____________ 3. Compare gamete chromosomes to that of body cell chromosomes. ____________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. Which process produces gametes? ______________________________________ 5. Which process is occurring in Figure 11-16 on pg. 276? ____________________ 6. Compare the end results of mitosis and meiosis. ___________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. List the parts of a nucleotide found in DNA. __________________________________________________________________ 8. DNA is copied during what process? ____________________________________ 9. Where is DNA found in eukaryotes? ____________________________________ 10. What is paired in DNA that allows DNA to be copied? _____________________ 11. How are RNA and DNA different? __________________________________________________________________ 12. List the different types of RNA. __________________________________________________________________ 13. What does the Principle of Complementary state? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 14. List each nitrogen-containing base and it’s complementary pair. __________________________________________________________________ 15. What is the nitrogen-containing base that is only found in RNA? _____________ 16. Define the following terms: a. Transcription - __________________________________________________ b. Translation - ____________________________________________________ 17. Write the strand of DNA from which this mRNA strand was made. a. CUCAAGUGCUUC b. _______________________________________________________________ 18. What is the ultimate source of genetic variability? _________________________ 19. What type of chromosomes can you see in a karyotype. __________________________________________________________________ 20. What is the approximate probability that a human offspring will be a female? ___________ male? __________ 21. What combination of sex chromosomes represents a female? ________ male? __________ 22. How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype? ___________ 23. Sex-linked chromosomes are located on the __________________ chromosome. 24. What is the Human Genome Project? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 25. Define the following terms: a. Carrier - _______________________________________________________ b. Sex chromosomes - ______________________________________________ c. Autosomes - ____________________________________________________ 26. If the half-life of a radioisotope is 1,000 years, what portion of the radioisotope in a specimen will be left after 2,000 years? ________________________________ 27. Define natural selection - _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 28. Describe survival of the fittest. _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 29. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have ____________________________________________ 30. What influenced Darwin’s concept of evolution? __________________________________________________________________ 31. The number and location of bones in many fossil vertebrates is similar to living vertebrates. How would biologist explain this fact? __________________________________________________________________ 32. Organisms that have similar structures suggest that organisms have common ___________________________. 33. Where does evidence that supports evolution come from? __________________ 34. Homologous structures are inherited from a common ______________________. 35. Define evolution - __________________________________________________ 36. Darwin proposed that natural selection takes place when individuals best suited to the environment _________________________ and _______________________. 37. If an allele makes up one fourth of a population’s allele for a given trait, its relative frequency is ________________________________________________. 38. What are most heritable differences due to? __________________________________________________________________ 39. Which of the following are ways in which natural selection affects the distribution of phenotypes? a. Directional selection b. Stabilizing selection c. Disruptive selection d. Chance events 40. A single-gene trait that has two alleles and that shows a simple dominantrecessive pattern will result in _______________________ phenotypes. 41. What type of populations does genetic drift tend to occur in? __________________________________________________________________ 42. Define gene pool - __________________________________________________ 43. Define mutation - ___________________________________________________ 44. What are the two main sources of genetic variation? _______________________ __________________________________________________________________ 45. Describe geographic isolation? ________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 46. Define taxonomy - __________________________________________________ 47. Which kingdom was once grouped with plants? ___________________________ 48. What are the characteristics of a mammal? _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 49. Organisms with a common ancestry usually have similar ___________________. 50. What domain contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments? __________________________________________________________________ 51. What language is used for scientific names? ______________________________ 52. In taxonomy, classes are grouped into __________________________________. 53. Similar species are grouped into _______________________________________. 54. Define molecular clock - _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 55. Define binomial nomenclature - _______________________________________. 56. What are the two smallest categories in Linnaeus’s system of classification? __________________________________________________________________ 57. What is gram staining used to identify in cells? ___________________________ 58. List human uses for bacteria. __________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 59. What are viruses made up of? _________________________________________ 60. How do bacteria cause disease? ________________________________________ 61. Bacteria that cause disease are called ___________________________________. 62. How do viruses cause disease? ________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 63. Define phytoplankton - ______________________________________________ 64. List products derived from algae. ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 65. How do fungus-like protests get nutrients? _______________________________ 66. List the characteristics of protests. _____________________________________ 67. Describe an algal bloom. _____________________________________________ 68. Define alternation of generations - _____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 69. How is malaria spread? ______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 70. What do protests in the phylum Sarcodina use for movement and feeding? _________________________________________________________________ 71. Through what process do algae provide much of the Earth’s oxygen? __________________________________________________________________ 72. Chlorophyll and accessory pigments allow algae to use the energy of _______________________________ to carryout photosynthesis. 73. List the characteristics of all fungi. _____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 74. Describe mold. _____________________________________________________ 75. How is Penicillium useful to humans? ___________________________________ 76. How are fungi helpful to an ecosystem? _________________________________ 77. What causes ringworm? ______________________________________________ 78. Describe lichens. ___________________________________________________ 79. What causes bread to rise? ___________________________________________ 80. What type of carbohydrate makes up the cell walls for fungi? ________________ 81. Fungi break down complex organic matter by releasing digestive ____________________________________________________. 82. What type of reproduction takes place when hyphae break off a fungus and begin to grow? _________________________________________________________ 83. List the characteristics of plants. ______________________________________ 84. What source of energy do plants use to carry out photosynthesis? _________________________________________________________________ 85. What is the difference between annuals and perennials? __________________________________________________________________ 86. What anchors seed plants to the ground? _________________________________ 87. What is vascular tissue in plants made of? _______________________________ 88. What does the outer covering of a plant consist of? ________________________ 89. What tissue produces new plant cells? __________________________________ 90. How do oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of a leaf? __________________________________________________________________ 91. Define tropisms - ___________________________________________________ 92. What causes a plant to bend toward the light? ____________________________