Download Unit IX: Evolution - Ms. Shunkwiler`s Wiki!

Evolution Study Guide
Unit IX: Evolution
Darwinian Evolution
1. Describe the following evidences for evolution.
a. Paleontology (fossils)
b. Biogeography (where organisms live)
c. Embryology
d. Comparative anatomy
e. Homologous structures
f. Analogous structures
g. Vestigial structures
h. Molecular biology
i. Artificial selection
2. Describe the following components of Natural Selection.
a. Over-production
b. Inherited variation
c. Competition
d. Adaptations
e. Fitness
f. Survival of the fittest
g. Accumulation of advantageous traits
3. Describe the three types of natural selection using the examples of the peppered
moth and pesticide resistance for directional selection.
4. How is are male competition and female choice involved in the concept of sexual
selection?
5. Describe the following sources of variation:
a. Mutations
b. Sexual reproduction (include crossing over, independent assortment and
random fertilization)
c. Diploidy/Heterozygosity/Pool of recessive alleles
d. Outbreeding
Evolution of Populations and Speciation
6. What does it mean to maintain genetic equilibrium?
7. What are the five conditions that must be met to maintain genetic equilibrium?
8. How is the Hardy-Weinberg equation used to measure genetic equilibrium?
9. Give the formula for the frequency of alleles in a population.
10. Give the formula for the frequency of genotypes or individuals in a population.
11. Describe the following mechanisms for changing frequencies:
a. Genetic drift (founder effect and bottleneck)
b. Natural selection
c. Gene flow
d. Mutation
e. Non-random mating
Speciation
12. Describe how geographic isolation can lead to reproductive isolation.
13. Describe adaptive radiation while using an example.
14. Describe and give examples of allopatric speciation (geographic isolation).
15. Describe and give examples of sympatric speciation (reproductive isolation).
a. What is prezygotic isolation and give examples of the following types of
prezygotic isolation.
i. Habitat isolation
ii. Temporal isolation
iii. Behavioral isolation
iv. Mechanical isolation
v. Gametic isolation
b. What is postzygotic isolation and give examples of the following types of
postzygotic isolation.
i. Reduced hybrid viability
ii. Reduced hybrid fertility
Patterns of evolution
16. Describe the following while providing examples.
a. Divergent evolution including adaptive radiation
b. Convergent evolution including analogous structures
c. Coevolution
d. Macroevolution: gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium
Geologic History
17. What are the four eras of geologic history?
18. Provide the major events in each era.
Origin of Life
Using the Cliff’s book, study the following events in the origin of life:
Earth and atmosphere formed (little or no oxygen)
Complex molecules formed in primordial seas (monomers and polymers)
Organic molecules and early cells formed
Heterotrophic prokaryotes formed
Autotrophic prokaryotes formed: produced free oxygen for others to breathe as
well as ozone
Eukaryotes formed (endosymbiont theory)
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own DNA, can reproduce
independently by binary fission, have ribosomes similar to bacteria and
cyanobacteria