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1/3/12 Evolution – Change over time Theory – Well supported testable explanation of events that occur in the natural world. I. Voyage of the Beagle Darwin born 1804 Gets job as a naturalist in 1831 Beagle sails around the world and ends up in Galapagos Islands II. Darwin’s Observations A. Patterns of Diversity Notices that plants and animals are well suited for their environments Why were some animals present in one environment and not in another that was similar? B. Living organisms and Fossils Compared them for similarities C. Galapagos Islands Different climate – exp. Tortoises and Finches I. An Ancient Changing Earth A. Hutton’s Theory of Geological Change James Hutton 1795 Earth is shaped by geological forces that took place over log periods of time Earth is millions of years old B. Lyell’s “Principles of Geology” Erosion, volcanoes, earthquake, are the major source of geologic change over millions of year. • SUMMARY II. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Influenced Darwin by : 1. If Earth can change over time, couldn’t life change as well? 2. It would have taken many years for life to change and that is only possible if Earth is extremely old. A. Tendency toward perfection Continually changing and acquiring features to help them live more successfully B. Use and Disuse Alter size or change in organs by using their bodies in new ways C. Inheritance of Acquired Traits Able to change your body in some way, you could pass this change on to your offspring Evaluating this theory: didn’t know how characteristics were inherited one of the first to develop a scientific theory of evolution paved the way for others 1 1/3/12 III. Population Growth I. Natural vs. Artificial Selection Thomas Malthus Predicted human population will grow faster than space, food, and supplies needed to sustain it. War, famine, and disease keep the population in check A. Artificial – humans select which organisms breed based on their characteristics B. Natural – nature selects who survives and reproduces • SUMMARY II. Evolution by Natural Selection A. Struggle for existence Members of each species compete to obtain food, living space, etc. B. Survival of the fittest Individuals best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce Fitness – ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a specific environment Adaptations – inherited characteristics that increase the chance of survival Natural selection results in changes of inherited characteristics in a population • aka: Natural Selection III. Evidence of Evolution A. Fossil Record – view fossils from sequential layers of rock and see how they changed over time IV. “On the Origin of Species” Book published by Darwin in 1859 B. Geographic Distribution of Living Species C. Homologous Body Structures Same structure, similar function Common ancestor Vestigial organs – organs that have little or no function (appendix, wisdom teeth) D. Embryology – look at similarities E. Bio Chemistry – DNA similarities 2