* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download AP Biology
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
James Watson wikipedia , lookup
DNA barcoding wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Holliday junction wikipedia , lookup
Agarose gel electrophoresis wikipedia , lookup
Cell-penetrating peptide wikipedia , lookup
Community fingerprinting wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
History of molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Maurice Wilkins wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
Synthetic biology wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic Acids Information storage AP Biology 2006-2007 NUCLEIC ACIDS Instructions for: Traits Protein synthesis Enzymes AP Biology NUCLEIC ACIDS Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous Monomer Nucleotide Phosphate Nitrogenous base Sugar (5C) AP Biology Monomer? Nucleotide = a yard! Garage=nitrogen base Pool=phosphate House= sugar But what yard? 742 Evergreen Terrace! Evergreen Terrace Complementary: structurally matching! Whose rule? Nucleic Acids Function: store & transmit hereditary information Examples: RNA (ribonucleic acid) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Structure: AP Biology monomers = nucleotides RNA and DNA allow living organisms to reproduce their complex components form one generation to the next DNA--------> RNA-------> Protein Protein synthesis AP Biology AP Biology We can use DNA and proteins as tape measures of evolution Genes (DNA) and their products (proteins) document the hereditary background of an organism. Because DNA molecules are passed from parents to offspring, siblings have greater similarity than do unrelated individuals of the same species. This argument can be extended to develop a molecular genealogy between species. AP Biology Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Two species that appear to be closely-related based on fossil and molecular evidence should also be more similar in DNA and protein sequences than are more distantly related species. In fact, the sequence of amino acids in hemoglobin molecules differ by only one amino acid between humans and gorilla. More distantly related species have more differences. AP Biology Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings AP Biology Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleotides 3 parts nitrogen base (C-N ring) pentose sugar (5C) ribose in RNA deoxyribose in DNA phosphate (PO4) group Are nucleic acids charged molecules? AP Biology RNA & DNA RNA single nucleotide chain DNA double nucleotide chain N bases bond in pairs across chains spiraled in a double helix double helix 1st proposed as structure of DNA in 1953 by James Watson & Francis Crick (just celebrated 50th anniversary in 2003!) AP Biology Types of nucleotides 2 types of nucleotides different nitrogen bases purines double ring N base adenine (A) guanine (G) pyrimidines single ring N base cytosine (C) thymine (T) uracil (U) AP Biology Building the polymer AP Biology Nucleic polymer Backbone sugar to PO4 bond phosphodiester bond new base added to sugar of previous base polymer grows in one direction N bases hang off the sugar-phosphate backbone Dangling bases? Why is this important? AP Biology Pairing of nucleotides Nucleotides bond between DNA strands H bonds purine :: pyrimidine A :: T 2 H bonds G :: C 3 H bonds Matching bases? Why is this important? AP Biology Information polymer Function series of bases encodes information like the letters of a book stored information is passed from parent to offspring need to copy accurately stored information = genes genetic information Passing on information? Why is this important? AP Biology G C T A AP Biology A C G T A C G T A DNA molecule Double helix H bonds between bases join the 2 strands A :: T C :: G H bonds? Why is this important? AP Biology Copying DNA Replication 2 strands of DNA helix are complementary have one, can build other have one, can rebuild the whole Matching halves? Why is this a good system? AP Biology When does a cell copy DNA? When in the life of a cell does DNA have to be copied? cell reproduction mitosis gamete production meiosis AP Biology DNA replication “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.” James Watson Francis Crick 1953 AP Biology 1953 | 1962 Watson and Crick … and others… AP Biology Maurice Wilkins… and… AP Biology 1953 | 1962 Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) Determined ladder shape using x-ray chrystallography AP Biology This is DNA as seen from top of double helix. Can you find the phosphate/sugar backbone? The base rungs? X-ray Chrystallography Here’s a chandelier but you cannot see the metal structure. You can only shine a light on it and see it's shadow. So to figure out the details of the chandelier, you observe the shadows and images cast on the walls of the room. From that, you determine the whole structure. This is how protein structures are figured out. AP Biology Interesting note… Ratio of A-T::G-C affects stability of DNA molecule 2 H bonds vs. 3 H bonds biotech procedures more G-C = need higher T° to separate strands high T° organisms many G-C parasites many A-T (don’t know why) AP Biology Another interesting note… ATP Adenosine triphosphate modified nucleotide adenine (AMP) + Pi + Pi + AP Biology + Macromolecule Review AP Biology 2006-2007 Carbohydrates Structure / monomer monosaccharide Function energy raw materials energy storage structural compounds glycosidic bond Examples AP Biology glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen Lipids Structure / building block glycerol, fatty acid, cholesterol, H-C chains Function energy storage membranes hormones Examples AP Biology ester bond (in a fat) fat, phospholipids, steroids Proteins Structure / monomer amino acids levels of structure Function enzymes transport signals defense structure receptors peptide bond Examples AP Biology digestive enzymes, membrane channels, insulin hormone, actin Nucleic acids Structure / monomer nucleotide Function information storage & transfer Examples AP Biology DNA, RNA phosphodiester bond