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Name: Topic/Concept What you need to know Biochemistry 1. What biological polymer/macromolecule is found in the nucleus and is shaped like a double helix? 2. Biomolecules that make up cell membranes?structure/function? 3. Biomolecule that serves as main energy source? Energy/Resp/Photosyn 1. 3 things most autotrophs need to make their energy? 2. Process that makes glucose and oxygen needed/used by animals and plants? 3. Process that makes carbon dioxide and water needed/used by plants and other autotrophs? 4. Why is it essential for us to breathe? Be very specific! 5. What energy conversions are seen in photosynthesis? 6. What energy conversions are seen in cellular respiration? 7. Gas produced by photosynthesis? Ecology/Environment 1. What does a predator prey graph look like? 2. What atmospheric substances are making global warming/ climate change worse? 3. What can be recycled? Energy or Matter 4. Why does it have to be cycled? 5. What organisms are nature’s recyclers? 6. 10% rule? (give example) 7. Why are invasive species so bad for an environment? REVIEW FOR FINAL EXAM Answer/Details Period: 8. What organisms pull nitrogen from the air to be used by other living organisms? 9. Graph of logistic growth and carrying capacity of a population? 10. Why does the graph have that shape? Cell Division/Reproduction 1. How boy child made? 2. How girl child made? 3. Chance of making girl child? 4. Chance of making boy child? 5. Type of reproduction/ process that creates genetic diversity? 6. Error that causes trisomy (3 copies of a chromosome)? 7. Types of cells that rarely undergo mitosis? 8. Why damage to cells that don’t divide can be a problem? 9. Stages of cell cycle in which cells are NOT dividing? 10. If counting cells in each stage of the cell cycle, how could you tell cells are cancerous? Genetics/DNA 1. How many different gametes can be made if genotype is AaBb? 2. Possible effects of DNA mutation on phenotype? 3. White X Red = pink is what inheritance pattern? 4. Genotype of female who is a carrier for a sex linked trait? 5. Cross between female sex linked carrier and normal male? 6. Blood type that must be homozygous? 7. Blood type that illustrates codominance? 8. If gene/DNA is expressed in a phenotype – what 2 processes had to happen? 9. Process by which DNA is manipulated in a lab? 10. How DNA pieces of varying lengths can be separated in a lab? 11. What makes two chromosomes “homologous”? Explain. 12. What are the 2 possible genotypes for someone with a dominant trait? Use the letters B and b. 13. How is it possible for parents with type A and type B blood to have a child with type O blood? 14. What part of a DNA molecule IS the genetic code (is translated into amino acids)? 15. How can a mutation be considered “silent”? Be specific! 16. What bonds must be broken in DNA for replication and transcription to happen? 17. How are DNA fingerprints used to solve crimes? 18. Problem: Parent #1 heterozygous for TWO traits (AaBb) Parent #2 recessive for the first trait and homozygous dominant for 2nd trait (aaBB) What characteristic will ALL offspring have? Evolution 1. Endosymbiosis hypothesis says? A = almond eyes, a = round eyes B= blue eyes b = brown eyes 2. Homologous structures? Definition Example What they suggest 3. Define Gradualism & draw cladogram. 4. Define Punctuated equilibrium and draw cladogram. 5. Species definition. What is speciation? 6. What happens to length(s) of monkey tail when average length is selected AGAINST? 7. Why would bears in the arctic and bears in NJ look different? 8. How can the layers in which 2 similar (but different) fossils are found tell you about their evolutionary relatedness? 9. What will you notice about the DNA nucleotide sequences in animals that are closely related (compared to animals that are not closely related)? 10. Is a lizard more closely related to a salamander or to a Perch? How do you know? 11. Which animals in cladogram above have claws or nails? 12. What is the general name for the environmental pressure that determines whether traits are passed to offspring? 13. Lots of different species coming from one common ancestor is called ____ (two different terms) 14. How do bacterium becomes “resistant” to an antibiotic? 15. What are analogous structures? 1) 2) Define Example 16. What do analogous structures tell us about the organisms with those structures? 17. If a deadly disease is caused by a recessive gene, why will it linger (stay around) in the population and not totally disappear? 18. How does a physical/ geographic separation within a group of individuals that used to live together allow for the formation of two different species (speciation) when at one time there was just one species? 19. Darwin’s explanation of change over time did NOT include knowledge of what information that is now accepted as very STRONG evidence of common descent? Final Exam Review – Open Ended How can two species live together at the same time in the same place? If a third species suddenly appeared, What might explain a corresponding decrease in one of the existing species? Why might only ONE of the species decrease and not the other? What could limit the growth of any one of the three species? Graphing Practice An insect known as a sawfly is found in evergreen forests in North America. Sawfly cocoons are the main source of food for shrews (small mammals) and some bird species. Scientists studied 1-acre plots in various parts of a state to determine the average number of sawfly cocoons, shrews, and robins. The data collected are shown in the table below. a). What is the average number of shrews per acre when the average number of sawfly cocoons is 500,000? b). State what would most likely happen to the number of sawfly cocoons per acre if the shrews and robins were removed from the area.