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Applied Behavior Analysis
for Teachers
Chapter 1: Roots of Applied
Behavior Analysis
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed
ISBN 0131592920
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Overview: Roots of Applied
Behavior Analysis


Requirements for explaining human behavior
Explanations of human behavior





Biophysical
Developmental
Cognitive
Behavioral
Historical Development of Behaviorism




Respondent Conditioning
Associationism
Behaviorism
Operant Conditioning
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
2
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Usefulness Criteria

Inclusive:


Verifiable:


Is the explanation testable?
Predictive Utility:


Does the explanation account for a substantial quantity of
behavior?
Does the explanation provide reliable answers about what
people are likely to do under certain circumstances?
Parsimonious:

Is it the simplest explanation?
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
3
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Explanations of Human Behavior
Biophysical
1)

Genetic and Hereditary Effects


Dominant Genetic Inheritance
Recessive Genetic Inheritance
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
4
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Dominant Genetic Inheritance
Affected
Unaffected
Mother
Father
(An)
(nn)
Affected
Normal
Affected
Normal
(An)
(nn)
(An)
(nn)
Each child has a 50% chance of inheriting the “A” gene
(dominant abnormal gene) or the “n” gene (normal
gene) from the affected parent
Abnormal Gene Passage
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
Normal Gene Passage
5
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Recessive Genetic Inheritance
Carrier
Mother
Carrier
Father
(Na)
(Na)
Normal
Carrier
Carrier
Affected
(NN)
(Na)
(Na)
(aa)
Each child has a 25% chance of inheriting two “a” genes
(recessive abnormal genes) and inheriting two “N” genes
(normal genes). Each child also has a 50% chance of being
carriers of the abnormal gene.
Abnormal Gene Passage
Normal Gene Passage
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
6
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Explanations of Human Behavior
Biophysical
Developmental
1)
2)
1)
2)
Psychoanalytic (Freud)
Stage Theory (Piaget)
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
7
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Freud’s Components of
Personality

Id


Ego


The part of the human personality that seeks gratification of
desires without any reference to any external controls.
Includes such processes as mobility, memory, judgment,
reasoning, language, and thought.
Superego

Develops as a function of parental training and includes
conscience, morals, ethics, and aspirations.
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
8
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Piaget’s Forces which Contribute
to Development

Assimilation


Accommodation


The tendency to adapt the environment to enhance personal
functioning.
The tendency to change behavior to adapt to the
environment.
Equilibration

The process of maintaining a balance between assimilation
and accommodation.
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
9
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
A Comparison of Freudian and Piagetian Theories
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
AGE
Birth to 2 years
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
AGE
STAGE
Oral Stage: Gratification
centered around the mouth
2 to 4 years
Anal Stage: Child derives
gratification from withholding
and controlling feces. This
corresponds with toilet training.
4 to 6 years
Phallic Stage: Gratification
contents around genitalia. Child
becomes attached to parent of the
opposite sex and develops hostility
to parent of the same sex.
Birth to 1 ½ years
1 ½ to 4 or 5 years
5 to 7 years
6 years to puberty
Latency Stage: Child identifies
with the parent of the same sex
and plays primarily with other
children of the same sex in sexstereotyped activities.
7 to 11 years
Puberty
Genital Stage: Child becomes
interested in members of the
opposite sex.
12 years to Adult
STAGE
Sensorimotor Intelligence:
Infant is preoccupied with differentiating
himself from the rest of the word and
establish representations of objects.
Preoperational Thought –
Representational Thinking: Child
develops language, however is still unable
to take another person’s point of view
Preoperational Thought-Intuitional
Thinking: Child begins to understand
conservation, attends to more than one
aspect of an object at a time,
understands reversibility of some
operations.
Concrete Operations: Organizes
perceptions and symbols; able to
classify along several dimensions
simultaneously; cannot solve abstract
problems.
Formal Operations: Deals with
abstractions, hypothetical
situations, and can think logically.
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
10
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Explanations of Human Behavior
Biophysical
Developmental
Cognitive
1)
2)
3)



4)
Gestalt Psychology
Bruner – Discovery Learning
Constructivism
Behavioral
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
11
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Behavioral Explanation
of Human Behavior

All behavior is learned

Must be measurable and observable

Behaviorist focus is on the “present
environmental conditions maintaining
behavior and on establishing and verifying
functional relations between such conditions
and behaviors” (p.16)
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
12
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Important Concepts
of Behavioral Explanation





Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
Antecedent Control



Stimulus Control
Setting Events
Modeling and Shaping
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
13
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Historical Development
of Behaviorism

Positivism



Animal Psychology


Francis Bacon
Auguste Comte – only valid knowledge was objectively
observed
Charles Darwin
Functionalism


William James Dewey, and James Angell
emphasized observational approach
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
14
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Historical Development
of Behaviorism:

Ivan Pavlov

Classical or Respondent Conditioning – the process of pairing
stimuli so that an unconditioned stimulus elicits a response
(reflexive behaviors)
Stage 1:
Food (UCS)
Tone (CS) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Salivation (UCR)
Stage 2:
Tone (CS)

Salivation (CR)
Edward Thorndike



Associations between situations and responses
Law of Effect
Law of Exercise
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
15
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Historical Development
of Behaviorism:

John Watson




Coined term “behaviorism”
Focused on observable behaviors – emotional responses
Watson & Rayner (1920) – baby Albert conditioned to elicit fear
responses in the presence of furry white objects
B.F. Skinner

Operant Conditioning


Voluntary behaviors
The arrangement of environmental variables to establish a
functional relation between a voluntary behavior and its
consequences.
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
16
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Applied Behavior Analysis
“The process of applying sometimes tentative principles of behavior
to the improvement of specific behaviors, and simultaneously
evaluating whether or not any changes noted are indeed attributed
to the process of application.” (Baer, Wolf, & Risley, 1968, p.91)

Baer, Wolf & Risley (1968) identified 7 criteria for research to qualify
as applied behavior analysis:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Applied – behavior selected for change must be socially important
Behavioral – behavior must be observable and measurable
Analytic – intervention must demonstrate control over the behavior
Technological – written in such a way that it is easily replicated
Effective – demonstrate a meaningful change in the desired behavior
Conceptually Systematic- use appropriate terminology and behavioral
concepts
Generality – must demonstrate maintenance and generalization of the
behavior
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
17
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Usefulness of Explanations of Human Behavior
Theoretical
Explanation
Inclusiveness
Verifiability
Predictive
Utility
Parsimony
Biophysical
Poor
Fair
Poor
Poor
Developmental
Good
Poor
Fair
Poor
Cognitive
Good
Poor
Poor
Poor
Behavioral
Fair
Good
Good
Good
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
18
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Key Terms
applied behavior analysis
positive reinforcement
behavior
negative reinforcement
stimulus control
setting events
shaping
punishment
punisher
consequence
extinction
antecedent stimulus
modeling
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8th Ed.
Alberto & Troutman
ISBN 0131592920
19
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.