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1 Science 9 Unit A – Biological Diversity Vocabulary Terms Concept 3 genetics continuous variation discrete variation dominant trait recessive trait mutation mutagen DNA chromosome allele gene Concept 3 – Genetics Learning Concept Describe, in general terms, the role and relationship of chromosomes, genes and DNA There is a ________________ for each _________________ _______________ found within all the cells of the body Known as ________________________________, or _____________ ________________ material responsible for variation First identified in ________________ In 1953 a scientific paper by ________________________________ and ________________________________ presented the ________________ of DNA ________________________________ had groundbreaking work in discovering the ________________ of DNA Structure is a ________________________________ Resembles a ________________ that has been twisted into a spiral Rungs of the ladder are different in their composition Found in ________________ ________________ (A) and ________________ (T) ________________ (G) and ________________ (C) 2 The ________________ of these four chemicals create a ________________ that cells can read Read in ________________ Refer to this as the ________________________________ – a language the cell understands These chemicals are _____________________________________ ___________ on Earth ________________ are packages within the cell which contain the _________ ________________ chromosome only contains some of the instructions for making an organism These are ________________ within a cell In plants and animals, chromosomes are contained within the ________________________________________________ Chromosome ________________________________ from species to species The ________________ of the chromosomes also varies Currently accepted in the scientific world ________________ are responsible __________________________ ______________________________________ A ________________________________ is an ________________ ________________________________, with coded instructions ________________ are located on ________________ ________________ have numerous ___________________________ Genes come in ________________ ________________ genes carry ________________ for the same thing The same genes occupy ________________________________ on the chromosomes The DNA code may differ in each location There are ________________________________ of the ________________ coming from the ________________ These different gene forms are called ________________ 3 Formative Assessment 1. Define the term DNA and explain its function, in your own words. deoxyribonucleic acid blueprint of life for each multicellular organism tells the cell what to do and what to form where 2. What is a chromosome? Explain its function. a structure in which DNA is arranged and along which genes are found 3. What is an allele? Explain its function. a possible form of a gene variations arise from alleles, if environment changes then some of the species will survive 4. Using the following mind map, provide linking statements to explain the relationships. What is their role in storing genetic information? DNA CHROMOSOMES GENES 4 Learning Concept Distinguish between: Cell division that leads to identical daughter cells Cell division that leads to formation of sex cells Describe, in general terms, the synthesis of genetic material that takes place during fertilization ________________ reproduction produces offspring ________________ ________________ to the parents ________________ reproduction produces offspring ________________ ________________ from the parents ___________________________ occurs in ________________ organisms Examples: amoeba, paramecium Cell contents divided ________________between the two new cells What happens if the DNA is split between the two cells? How is this corrected? Parent cell first makes an _____________________ __________________________ For a short time, the parent cell has two copies of its DNA When the cell divides, each new cell gets _____________________________________ _____________________________________ 5 A ________________ process occurs in multicellular organisms – called ________________ Two new cells are produced with the same number of ________________ Occurs on the ________________ Responsible for ________________ and ________________ in multicellular organisms Sexual reproduction requires the ________________________________ The ________________ cell The ________________ cell Using humans as an example, What happens if each gamete contained 23 pairs of chromosomes? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 6 ________________ is a type of cell division that produces cells with only ________________________________ of a normal cell A ________________ cell will have ________________ the DNA An ________________ cell will have ________________ the DNA When the ________________ to form the ________________, it will have a ________________________________ of DNA ________________ involves ________________________________ to produce ________________________________ A gamete will contain one copy of each different chromosome Science Log Organism Cabbage Black Bear Human Peanut # # # # # of pairs of Chromosomes Chromosomes Chromosomes Chromosomes Chromosomes after Mitosis in a body cell in a Gamete in a Zygote 18 38 23 40 7 Formative Assessment 1. Describe a type of cell division that occurs during the asexual reproduction of a unicellular organism. 2. What type of cell division is required for sexual reproduction? How does it differ from cell division during asexual reproduction? 3. Describe the type of cell division that occurs in the body cells (ex skin) of multi-cellular organisms. 4. If the amount of DNA in a gamete of an organism is n, is the amount of DNA in the body cells of the organism equal to ½n, n, or 2n? Explain. 8 Plant and animal breeders have been conducting experiments in ________________________________________________ for a long period of time Only organisms with ________________________________ were allowed to reproduce Certain ________________________________________________ were eventually detected Learning Concept Identify examples of dominant and recessive characteristics Recognize dominance and recessiveness provides only a partial explanation for the variation of characteristics in offspring ________________ looks at how ________________________________ are passed from one generation to the next Work was began by ________________________________, an Austrian monk Traced patterns of inheritance in ________________ Discovered fundamental principles that led to modern genetics A ________________ organism (plant or animal) is one whose ancestors ________________________________________________ A ________________ organism (plant or animal) is one who was produced from ________________________________ with a ________________ ________________________________________________ ________________ traits are those which are typically ________________ ________________________________ if ________________ is present ________________ dominant alleles are inherited Example Female provided allele for Yellow seed (dominant) Male provided allele for Yellow seed (dominant) Offspring will inherit both alleles Two dominant alleles are inherited and yellow seeds will be observed 9 ________________________________ alleles are inherited Example Female provided allele for Tall plants (dominant) Male provided allele for Dwarf plants (recessive) Offspring will inherit both alleles Tall is a dominant alleles, so while both alleles are inherited, a TALL plant will be observed ________________ traits are those which are _____________________ _____________________________________ when ________________are present ________________________________ alleles are inherited Example: Female provided allele for white flowers Male provided allele for white flowers Offspring will inherit both alleles Two recessive alleles are inherited and a white flower will be observed 10 Science Log Which of the examples listed in these notes (seed color, tall/dwarf plants, flower color) represents A hybrid? A purebred? Learning Concept Investigate the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring, and identify examples of characteristics in offspring that are: The same as the characteristics of both parents The same as the characteristics of one parent Intermediate between parent characteristics Different from both parents Recall that each ________________ has a _____________________ _____________________, and ________________ are ________________ ________________ carried on those chromosomes There is written “code” for genetics to show dominant versus recessive traits We call the ________________________________ the organism’s ________________ ________________ traits are always written as the ________________ ________________ traits are always written as the __________________ ______________ For yellow seeds Dominant trait for yellow could be _______ Recessive trait for green will then be _______ 11 A pea plant with the yellow seed color will have two alleles Dominant traits are expressed when: Two ________________ alleles are inherited Two ________________________________ alleles inherited What are the two possible genotypes for this pea plant? are A pea plant with the green seed color will also have two alleles Recessive traits are expressed when: Two ________________ alleles are inherited What is the one possible genotypes for this pea plant? Science Log Why is it possible for two plants that express the dominant yellow seed color to have one green seed offspring? 12 Science Log Textbook Challenge: Exploring Genetic Possibilities pg 52 13 Other patterns of inheritance also exist, due to ________________________________ ________________________________ of inheritance ________________ factors ________________________________ arises when traits are not truly dominant or recessive A purebred red snapdragon, when crossed with a purebred white snapdragon, will produce all pink offspring What is the genotype of the red snapdragon? What is the genotype of the white snapdragon? What is the genotype of the pink snapdragon? ________________________________________________ can cause variations in things such as height, weight, etc. Presence of environmental factors can ________________ the genes Consumption of ________________ during a pregnancy will interfere with normal development of _________________ _______________________________________________ ________________ can cause ________________ deformities Example: thalidomide in the late 1950s 14 Formative Assessment 1. Explain how dominant and recessive traits differ from one another. 2. How does a purebred individual differ from a hybrid individual? 3. How could two black cats produce a kitten who has white fur? Use a diagram or Punnett square to explain your answer. 4. If you wanted to be certain a trait would appear in the offspring of the plants or animals that you were breeding, what would you have to find out about the parents? Explain. 5. Can dominance or recessiveness explain why two cats from the same litter have different masses or have different leg lengths? Explain your answer.