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Basics of Chemistry Module 12 – 12’ Chemistry Chemistry - Science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different chemical conditions Organic Chemistry – is the study of substances that contain carbon All living things are made up of compounds that contain carbon Organic compounds will burn Inorganic Chemistry – branch of chemistry dealing with compounds lacking carbon Inorganic substances are not, and never were alive Inorganic substances will not burn Did You Know? Page 247 Matter Any substances that occupies space Has physical and chemical properties Exists in the form of solid, liquid, or gas Elements The simplest form of matter Cannot be broken down into simpler substances without loss of identity 90 naturally occurring Identified by a letter symbol Periodic Table of Elements Atoms Smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of the element Cannot be divided into smaller substances by ordinary chemical means Molecules Formed by chemically joining two or more atoms in definite proportions Elemental Molecules – contain two or more atoms of the same element that are united in definite proportions Compound Molecules – chemical combinations of two or more atoms of different elements definite proportions and distinct properties Salt or water Pure Hydrogen Peroxide Figure 12-1, 12-2, page 248 States of Matter Solid Definite shape and volume Liquid Definite volume, but not shape Gas Does not have definite volume or shape Table 12 -1 page 248 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter Physical Properties Those characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction Do not cause a chemical change in the identify of the substances Color, odor, weight, density, gravity, melting point, boiling pint, hardness Chemical Properties Those characteristics that can only be determined with a chemical reaction Cause a chemical change in the identify of the substances Chemical reaction known as oxidation creates a chemical change in the identity of the substances Rusting iron – rust Burning wood - ash Chemical Change Is a change in the chemical and physical properties of a substance by a chemical reaction that creates a new substance or substances The result of a chemical reaction that creates new chemicals that have new chemical and physical properties Oxidation of haircolor Polymerization of acrylic (methacrylate) nail enhancements Physical and Chemical Changes Physical Change A change in the form or physical properties of a substance without the formation of a new substance No chemical reaction involved No new chemicals are formed Solid ice changes into water Temporary hair color changes the appearance of hair by physically adding color to the surface of the hair Oxidation-reduction – redox – chemical reaction where the oxidizing agent is reduced (loses oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (gains the oxygen) Oxidizing Agent – substance that releases oxygen. Reducing Agent – substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound. Reduction – process through which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance through chemical reaction Reduction Reaction – the above chemical reaction Oxidation & reduction happen at same time Did You Know - page 250 Figure 12 – 6 Exothermic Reactions – chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat Combustion – is a rapid oxidation of a substance with the production of heat and light Lighting a match Oxidation requires oxygen Pure Substances and Physical Mixtures Pure substance Is a chemical combination of matter Definite proportions Have unique properties Atoms, elements, elemental compounds and compound molecules are pure substances Physical mixture is a physical combination of matter in any proportion Properties of a physical mixture are the combined properties of the substances in the mixture Saltwater Figure 12-7, PP 251 Tale 12-2, PP 251 Physical Mixtures – physical combination of matter Mixed in any proportion Solution of Hydrogen Peroxide Solutions, Suspensions, and Emulsions Solution is a stable mixture of 2 or more mixable substances Solids, liquids, gaseous Solute is the substance that is dissolved in a solution Solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution Usually a liquid No change in chemical composition Miscible liquids are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed into stable solutions Mixed in any proportion without separating Water and alcohol Immiscible liquids are not capable of being mixed into stable solutions Water and oil Suspension is an unstable mixture of undissolved particles in a liquid Particles visible to the naked eye Not usually transparent May e colored Oil and vinegar Emulsion is an unstable mixture of 2 or more immiscible substances united with the aid of an emulsifier Emulsify means “to form an emulsion” Emulsifier – an ingredient that brings 2 normally incompatible material together & binds them into uniform & fairly stable blend Surfactants – substances that allow oil & water to mix or emulsify Surfactant – contraction fir surface active agent Table 12 – 3 page 253 Hydrophilic Lipophilic Oil-in-water emulsion Water-in-oil emulsion Other physical mixtures Figure 12-9, 12-10 – page 254 Did You Know - Page 255 Common Chemical Product Ingredients Volatile alcohols Aklanolamines Ammonia Glycerin Silicones Volatile Organic Compounds Potential Hydrogen (pH) Water & pH The pH Scale Acids & Alkalis Acid-Alkali Neutralization Reactions Chemistry will help you in the Salon Figure 12 – 13 page 258