Download BioTech/Gen Bgram

Igor, Quit Cloning Around
Players: Clifford, Fawn, Garfield, Hillary, Mervin, Myron, Rhapsody, Rothgar, Zelda,
and introducing: Cornelius, and Justin.
Co (Cornelius): What am I supposed to be doing? We start our marching season
tomorrow! I’m new to this band. Where’s my uniform? Where’s the snack table?
Important things are missing in my life.
Z: Just shake it down, Corny. You remind me of the corn project that Barbara
MacClintock studied. Always jumping around!
Co: What ARE you talking about?
Z: Genetics, Corny. You know, the study of traits passed from parents to offspring.
Corny, in the Gen/Tech unit we learned about these ‘jumping genes’ (Z, once again,
whips out her phone and shows Cornelius just what she learned):
Jumping Genes
Batman
Co: Holy jumpin’ genes, Batman, what next? Cloning sheep?
And how can any of this get me my uniform, or my snacks?
Z: No, but I just couldn’t help but think of Barbara
MacClintock and her jumping genes when you talk. I mean
you just jump from one topic to another. It’s really
frightening listening to you.
Co: Sorry. I’ll try to stick to the topic. The topic is: Where’s the snack table?
Z: It’s right over there behind the big sign that says, “SNACK TABLE”. I’ll walk over
with you, as I think I’d like to see what’s been put out for us. You never know what
we’re going to have. It’s always a surprise.
They amble over to the snack table and start to go up and down the rows, eyeing up
the treats.
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Co: Hey, this looks first rate. Notice the food is categorized into groups by their
traits. I even know what traits are because of the genetics unit. Traits are the
physical characteristics that are passed from parent to offspring. Ok, I’ve noticed
that the snacks on this table are grouped according to their phenotypes, or traits
that I can see and use adjectives to describe like color or size. My favorites are the
red snacks like strawberries, cherries, red gummy bears, and red ice pops. Zelda,
what’s your favorite?
Apples
Z: Hmmmm, I think I like this table where the snacks
are grouped according to alleles. Alleles are the different
forms that a trait can take. For example: I see red apples
and green apples. I like the green apples; tart, crisp, AND of
so yummmmm.
Ooooof. Hey Rothgar, nice bumping into you. Rothgar, which apples to you like best?
Pedigree
STOP!! Do # 3, 21, 23, 24, 37
R: I like the Granny Smith better than the Gala. You know, these apples are
representatives of a pedigree? A pedigree shows multiple generations of a family. In
this case, the family is the apple. You can learn a lot about families by looking at
their pedigrees. I should know. I’ve looked at mine (Rothgar groans). Sometimes it’s
not a pretty sight. I know it’s hard to believe about me, but my ancestors, or longago relatives, actually sailed in Viking longships and raided villages. You can tell I
have Viking background because of the recessive traits I have like blonde hair,
crystal blue eyes, and really, really, pale skin. You know recessive means that you
have to inherit both recessive alleles from your parents in order for this trait to be
seen in your phenotype? Otherwise, if it’s paired with a dominant, like brown eyes,
the blue gets masked and even though the blue allele is still there, you only see the
brown. So because I have inherited the recessives for these traits from both of my
parents, I know these traits are homozygous recessive. Homo means two of the
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same, and zygous comes from zygote, a fertilized egg. When you say something is
homozygous, you have to say if it’s also dominant or recessive. Dominant means
in Mendelian genetics, you will see the dominant trait if it is present. You had to get
it from at least one of your parents. And if you have two dominant alleles for the
trait, you have homozygous dominant and you will see the dominant trait. Not only
that, but if you have one dominant trait and one recessive trait, you have
heterozygous alleles. Hetero just means two different kinds. So your genotype is the
combination of dominant and recessive. Oh, and Mendelian genetics just means that
Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics, studied only traits that have two outcomes.
There’s another word for only having two outcomes. I bet you don’t remember it.
Co: I do, I do. It’s ‘complete dominance’.
Rothgar mumbles something about leading a Viking raid on the snack table and
moves off to see if there are better pickings at another location. One that doesn’t
have a smarty-pants at it.
Viking Longship
STOP!! Do# 1, 4, 5, 6, 16,18, 19, 27, 28, 29,
31, 36
As Rothgar roams and pillages tables, he
spots Fawn, Garfield, and Hillary. He sneaks
up behind Garfield and meows behind him.
G: Ha, ha, Viking wannabe. I’ll bet my ‘Get a Free Snack’ redeemable coupon that you
have no idea what makes calico cats have special coat colors.
R: Uh, you’d be right on that, my compadre.
G: Since you didn’t ask, I’ll tell you. It’s a sex-linked thing. Calico cats are almost
always females because of them having 2 X chromosomes. Sex-linked means that a
trait occurs on the X chromosomes. A chromosome is made up of many nucleotides
of DNA, coiled in a double helix, that carries genes. Genes code for the proteins that
make up your traits. Humans have 22 pairs of somatic chromosomes, general body
cells, and the special sex chromosomes. If you are a female, you have two ‘X’
chromosomes; XX, which is a pair. If you are a male, you have only one ‘X’, and one
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‘Y’, so you really don’t have a ‘pair’ since they are not the same. This means that any
trait on an X gene, has special consequences depending on your gender.
Female calico cat
So any trait that is on the X chromosome has two possible
outcomes if you are a female, since you have two X
chromosomes and therefore two possible alleles for that
trait. In the case of the calico cat, the calico color is controlled
by the proteins made when two X chromosomes interact.
Therefore, males…
H: …can’t be calico because they only have one X chromosome!!! You know, I think
my aunt Griselda, the one that owns the florist shop in town, is really into genetics,
at least plant genetics. She’s always caterwauling over some of the new flowers with
two different colors. She says they are codominant,
Coleus
which means that there are two dominant colors,
and you see both at the same time. She sells a lot
of these Coleus. The leaf colors are codominant.
F: Yes, I really like those plants. They
make really nice borders all around
our house. But I think I know
something about codominance that has
more to it than just the two dominant
traits to see. I know this because when
my little sister had her appendix out,
the doctor tested her blood and said
she had blood type A.
I know I have blood type O, and that my mother has blood type B. This is a condition
known as multiple alleles because blood type has more than just the two outcomes,
in fact, it has four! Both A and B are dominant, which IS CODOMINANCE, so if you
inherit A from mom, and B from dad, your phenotype is AB and so is your genotype.
If your dad has AO, which is his genotype, his phenotype is A because O acts as a
recessive and its effects get masked. If your mom has type BO, which is her
genotype, her phenotype is B because O again acts as a recessive and its effects are
masked. They could also have a genotype of AA, with a phenotype of A; or a
genotype of BB, with a phenotype of B. But I KNOW , without a doubt what my
genotype is. Can you guess how I know? **Write your answer in the space under
your name on the answer sheet.
STOP!! Do# 7, 9, 10, 12, 26, 32, 35
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H: That’s all ok and all, but what about the positive/negative thing? I heard that it all
started with monkeys. Is that true?
R: I’ve got this, really. Yes, I’ve got it on my google search for my homework
assignment that I had to make up from being away at the band competition.
Here, see?
1. Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943) discovered the Rh factor—a type of protein, or
antigen, on the surface of red blood cells—in 1940. Most people are Rh positive.
But if a pregnant woman is Rh negative and her fetus is Rh positive, her body
may mount an immune response against the fetus's blood and cause harm.
So that just means that if you have Rh positive, your red blood cells have the
protein, and if you are Rh negative, your blood cells don’t have the protein. Here’s
the rest of the answer to your question, again from my google search.
1. Rh factor - Infoplease
www.infoplease.com › ... › Anatomy and Physiology
o
o
The Rh, or rhesus, factor was discovered in 1940 by K. Landsteiner and A. S.
Wiener, when they observed that an injection of blood from a rhesus monkey into
rabbits caused an antigenic reaction in the serum component of rabbit blood (see
immunity).
So the name, “Rh factor” actually came from the type of monkey the researchers
worked with, the Rhesus monkey.
STOP!! Do# 40, fill in the blanks
Fawn to Rothgar: So Viking wannabe, I’m looking at the food table and now I’m
trying to find an example of another type of inheritance pattern: Incomplete
dominance. Remember when we did the penny toss lab and made our kids with all
those in-between traits? The heterozygous, Bb, toss gave our kids a phenotype that
was kind of between the dominant and recessive trait. My favorite was hair: curly
BB, wavy Bb, straight bb.
R: Yeah, I remember that one. When we did the human genetics, I remember we
talked about a problem with red blood cells not forming correctly in some people of
African descent, sickle cell. I didn’t understand it at first, so I looked it up and here’s
what I found on google:
1. Sickle cell trait - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_trait
Sickle cell trait (or sicklemia) describes a condition in which a person has
one ... An individual with the sickle cell trait shows incomplete
dominance when the ...
Igor Bgram
Andalusian Fowl
Page 6
You can go directly to that link and
read more about the problems with
it, but at least I do remember its
inheritance pattern.
F: Yes, but I want to find a food
example. Guess I’ll just have to look
it up myself. Hey, look, there’s fried
chicken. I wonder if I can find
something in chickens…
Yup, here it is:
http://study.com/academy/lesson
/incomplete-dominance-definitionexample-quiz.html
Andalusian chickens also exhibit incomplete dominance regarding feather color. In this
particular breed, black chickens are dominant and white chickens are recessive. However,
the heterozygotes express both, which creates offspring with a bluish-grey color. Once
again, instead of expressing a phenotype like the parents (black or white), the heterozygote
produces a new phenotype that blends the parent traits.
F: Ok, my list is almost complete for inheritance patterns. I just have one more,
polygenic. I know that ‘poly’ means many, and ‘genic’ sounds a lot like ‘gene’, so I’m
guessing that polygenic means many genes. And here it is (isn’t google great?)
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1. Polygenic - Glossary Entry - Genetics Home Reference
ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=pol...
o
o
United States National Library of Medicine
A polygenic trait is one whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene.
Traits that display a continuous distribution, such as height or skin color, are
polygenic.
STOP!! Do# 25, 38
Co: Folks! Important tasks at hand, here. I finally have some food in me, but I still
don’t know anything about what I’m going to be wearing tomorrow for the parade. I
need a uniform. Can anyone please help me?
Mervin and Marvin finally show up, late because they stopped to help a street
person find the soup kitchen that was serving hot lunches and suppers.
Me: What? You still don’t have a uniform? Marv, what say you that we take yon
bloke to the quartermaster for a fitting?
H: (Remember Hillary always says ‘sir’?) Aye, cap’n, sir, the bloke will need duds for
the morrow, sir. I say, sir…
Ma: Duh, I believe Merv was talking to me. But whatever. Ok, ok, quit with the ‘sir’
thing. Merv and I could probably use your help, Hillary, but only if you promise to
knock off with the ‘sir’ thing, at least for today.
H: Aye, aye, sir.
Mervin, Marvin, and Hillary take Cornelius to the quartermaster, Justin, who is just
sitting down at a table to feast on his buffet of food.
Me: How’s it going, Justin? We have Cornelius here who needs some new duds. Can
you help us get him gussied up so he looks sharp tomorrow?
J: Sure, soon as I’m done with this feast. Do you know if the corn on the cob is
genetically modified? I’m not sure I want to eat it if it is.
Ma: Well, I might be able to find out for you. But, why would that make a difference
if you eat it or not?
J: It’s just that I don’t like someone messing with my food.
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Co: What do you mean by ‘messing’ exactly?
J: Genetically modified organism, or GMO, means that something else’s genes were
added to it, or it’s own genes were changed or removed. That makes the GMO critter
make or do something that it didn’t originally make or do. I know that with
biotechnology, scientists are changing organisms to try to improve quality of human
life. You see, gene splicing is when enzymes ‘cut’ out a piece of DNA from one
organism and put it into another organism. This is an example of genetic
engineering, manipulating the DNA code of living things. It just isn’t right.
STO, WAIT!! Do# 11, 15, 33
H: Hey, I don’t think you get the entire picture. Aunt Griselda is diabetic, and she
uses insulin that is made by bacteria. The gene for insulin was cut from the human
pancreas, the organ that processes sugar in the body by releasing insulin. The
enzyme that cuts DNA is called restriction enzyme and it comes from bacteria. The
gene was then inserted into a bacteria’s plasmid, which is their circular DNA. These
are important because they are capable of making copies of themselves. The idea is
that when the human insulin gene is inserted into the bacteria plasmid, the bacteria
then start making human insulin. Voila! Aunt Griselda has as much insulin as she
needs because of bacteria! Go recombinant DNA!!!
Co: Recombinant DNA? What’s that? I followed you right up to that point.
H: Well, recombine means to mix things together in a new way. So I guess it really
means that you are making a new sequence of DNA using the combination from the
human pancreas and adding it to the bacteria plasmid. It’s the new, resulting mixed,
DNA plasmid. Now it makes what you need.
J: Yeah, I know I have a friend that is diabetic and uses insulin. Just didn’t realize
where the insulin came from. I thought it came from the drug store.
HALT NOW!!! Do # 14, 22, 34
Co: I heard about transgenic animals and transgenic crops. I think they are sort of
similar, and I think that is what Justin is talking about with the corn thing.
Transgenic just means that a gene from another organism, and it doesn’t even have
to be the same species, is added to a plant or an animal to make it do something it
didn’t do before. So in the case of corn, a gene is inserted into it that makes it
resistant to corn borers. Here are some pictures of the borers: Gross!!
Igor Bgram
Corn borer and corn borer damaged corn
Page 9
H: I live near a farm. I see the farmers make other kinds of decisions about what
animals to breed together to improve their livestock too, not just their corn. When a
person actively picks out which animals can reproduce and which can’t, this action
is called selective breeding. So farming is actually pretty high-tech these days,
genetic changes in crops, and actively deciding which cows breed with which bulls.
J: Getting back to insulin. So if my diabetic friend could have an insulin-making gene
inserted into his pancreas, it might be possible to get his pancreas making insulin
again?
Co: Theoretically, ya. It’s called gene therapy when a gene is inserted into a person’s
cells or tissues in order to treat a disease. I don’t think researchers are actually that
far in the process though. Hopefully, sometime soon…
YOU SHALL CEASE AND DESIST. Do # 13, 17, 39
J: I think that the role of the scientist might just be a little too big for their britches.
As a matter of fact, I know a guy who knows a guy who thinks the guy he knows is
planning on cloning himself. You never would have heard of something like this 50
years ago. And I don’t like hearing about it now.
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Co: Whoa. I’m not following the whole, ‘I know a guy’ thing. But that’s neither here
nor there. Cloning, the process of making an exact copy of another organism, isn’t
ready for human consumption. When Dolly the sheep was cloned, scientists
discovered that telomeres determine that number of times a cell can copy itself in
the process of replication. Each time a cell makes a copy, the telomere gets smaller.
So when Dolly, an adult sheep had a cell removed to take the diploid DNA to clone,
her telomeres were already worn down. Then the clone of Dolly was born, but died
very young because her cells just couldn’t make more copies…no more telomeres!
H: I saw this movie with Gene Wilder once, Young Frankenstein. And the assistants’
name was Igor, except that he pronounced it with a long I instead of a long E. They
got a body and ‘reanimated’ it using lightning. Maybe that’s where scientists got the
idea to use electrophoresis???? And there was this Far Side cartoon about the
scientist that that cloned his assistant, Igor. And Igor cloned himself over and over
and over.
Mel Brooks’ ‘Young Frankenstein’
Gary Larsen—Far Sides
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J: Oh, maybe he said something about the guy needed to take a paternity test
instead. By the way, how do you take a paternity test? Do you have a study book or
something? Is it given at the Dept of Motor Vehicles like taking the Driver’s Test?
Co: Wow, let me start with your DNA. Everyone has DNA, which determines traits by
making proteins. The DNA is unique to each human. No one else has exactly the
same DNA as you do. It’s called ‘DNA Fingerprinting’ when a lab determines your
sequence of genes. You inherit one copy of DNA from your mother’s DNA, and one
copy of your father’s DNA. So, your have to provide a sample of your DNA, which
then goes through a special process called electrophoresis. This separates your
genes according to mass using an electric field. Remember, one copy of your DNA is
passed to your son or daughter, along with the mother’s copy. So now the lab has
copies of your DNA and they compare it to the baby’s DNA and the mother’s DNA. I
did a lab at school that showed the mother, baby, and a man who was named as the
father. He didn’t think he was, and didn’t think he should be paying to support the
baby. So we compared the genes in the mother, baby, and the maybe father. If the
baby had a gene, it had to come from one of the parents. Therefore, we only had to
look on the picture of the electrophoresis chart to see if each baby gene matched the
mother or the maybe father.
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Electrophoresis
In this example, Mary is the mother, so
her gene stripes match the child’s. Only
Larry’s gene stripes also match the
child’s, so Larry is the father.
DROP EVERYTHING. DO# 2, 8, 30
J: And? You just can’t let me hanging here. What was the outcome?
Co: Oh golly. Look at the time! Can we please get my uniform taken care of? I have to
get back to the band room and get my music gathered up before I leave.
J: Sure. It’s been an interesting conversation. I’ll have to do a little more thinking
about some of my opinions. Thanks for the information. Oh, and no worries, good
luck on your debut with the band tomorrow. Just get a good night’s sleep.
OK. YOU’VE DROPPED EVERYTHING. NOW YOU NEED TO PICK UP A WRITING
UTENSIL AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING #: 20
Edvard Munch
‘The Scream’
Co: Oh no, Justin told me to not worry, get a good
night’s sleep. Now I know I won’t be able to sleep
and I’ll worry all night.
Oh noooooooooooooooooooooo.
Igor Bubblegram Questions
1. Genetic inheritance pattern with two outcomes. You see the dominant if
present. BB, Bb shows the dominant trait, bb shows the recessive.
2. Process of making an identical copy of an organism.
3. The trait that you see. Uses adjectives to describe.
4. The graphic organizer that shows many generations of a family. Uses squares
and circles.
5. Family members from many generations ago.
6. Opposites.
7. Two dominant forms show in the phenotype together. EX: Blood types A and
B together are AB.
8. Process of using electricity to separate genes on a chromosome. Often used in
paternity cases.
9. Made up of many nucleotides of DNA, coiled in a double helix, carries genes.
10. Inheritance pattern in which many genes interact to produce a trait. EX:
Blood types of A, B, AB, O.
11. Plant or animal in which another organisms’ gene(s) has been inserted so
that the newly modified organism will make or do something that it didn’t
make or do before.
12. Trait found on the X chromosome. Often seen twice as frequently in males as
females.
13. Choosing specific individual plants or animals to reproduce in order to
improve the species for a specific purpose. Often used in agriculture.
14. The new, resulting mixed, DNA plasmid.
15. Manipulating the genetic code of living things.
16. Rothgar’s recessive eye color.
17. An organism that carries a manipulated technologically changed DNA
sequence.
18. A fertilized egg.
19. Opposite forms of alleles, Bb.
20. What Cornelius needs from Justin.
21. The apple allele that Zelda doesn’t like as much as green.
22. Enzyme that cuts DNA.
23. The word that means ‘different forms of a trait’.
24. The study of inheritance.
Igor Bgram Questions
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25. The inheritance pattern in which three outcomes are present in the
phenotype. EX: curly, wavy, straight.
26. Double-stranded nucleic acid that is found in the nucleus and codes for
making proteins.
27. The trait that is masked by a dominant. EX: b.
28. The arrangement of dominant and/or recessive. EX: HD, Het, HR.
29. Father of genetics.
30. The name applied to your specific, unique set of DNA genes.
31. Two of the same allele for the trait that can be masked if a dominant is
present. EX: bb.
32. This unit of DNA codes for one protein.
33. The act of ‘cutting’ a segment of DNA from one organism and putting it into
another organism.
34. The DNA that is circular in a bacteria. Genes from other organisms are often
added to this DNA so that the bacteria now produces something new. EX:
insulin.
35. Hidden, often what happens to a recessive when a dominant allele is present.
36. Two dominant traits. EX: Bb.
37. Characteristics that are passed from parent to offspring.
38. Meaning ‘many genes’.
39. Inserting a gene into a person’s cells or tissues in order to treat a disease.
40. The additional protein (A, B, O were the earlier ones) either found on blood
cell surface or not found. Discovered when using the Rhesus monkey blood.
Rhesus Monkey
Igor Bubblegram Answer Sheet
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40. ___ ___ + and ___ ___ Stay tuned for Cornelius and his next adventure!