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BIOLOGICAL CHANGE OVER TIME & EVOLUTION STUDY GUIDE
1. What are the 5 conditions for a population to be in genetic equilibrium according to the
Hardy-Weinberg theory?
2. What is the smallest unit that can undergo natural selection?
3. What are the 2 most important aspects of natural selection?
4. In order for 2 organisms to be of the same species, they must be able to
___________and produce ___________offspring.
5. Give the levels of taxonomy from most inclusive to least inclusive beginning with
kingdom and ending with species.
6. Describe the sex of mules and tell what type of reproductive isolation they result from.
7. What are the major processes involved in microevolution?
8. Darwin’s finches showed variation in what types of traits?
9. What is the founder effect (founder principle)?
10. What is genetic drift?
11. What is the bottleneck effect?
12. If Pangea were to reform would this cause an increase or decrease in diversity?
13. What does the word “evolution” literally mean?
14. Describe and give an example of allopatric speciation.
15. Describe and give an example of stabilizing vs. disruptive vs. directional selection.
16. What is meant by biogeography?
17. Reproductive isolation mechanisms prevent species from producing what?
18. Give an example of mechanical isolation.
19. Give an example of behavior isolation.
20. Give an example of temporal isolation.
21. Give an example of gamete mortality.
22. Give an example of hybrid inviability.
23. The Hardy Weinberg formula calculates changes in what types of frequencies?
24. Discuss the difference between the punctuated model of evolutionary change vs. the
gradual model of evolutionary change.
25. What is a major difference in the forelimbs of early mammals?
26. Discuss the layers of the fossil record in terms of most recent or oldest and most
complex to least complex
27. What’s the difference between artificial selection vs. natural selection?
28. What types of organisms do NOT form good fossils?
29. Define phylogenetic tree.
30. Discuss what each part of the Hardy Weinberg equation represents.
31. Define cladogenesis and anagenesis.
32. What is considered the most reliable scientific evidence when relating organisms
together?
33. Give an example of heterozygote advantage.
34. Discuss and give an example of homologous vs. analogous structures.
35. During what era were mammals thought to have originated?
36. During what era was adaptive radiation of flowering plants, insects, and birds thought to
have taken place?
37. During what era were reptiles thought to have originated?
38. During what era did eukaryotes possibly originate?
39. The Galapagos finches are a good example of what?
40. Discuss different ways that new alleles may arise in a population.
41. What is the difference between morphological convergence vs. morphological
divergence?
42. What’s the difference between homologous vs. analogous structures?
43. When does parapatric speciation occur?
44. When does allopatric vs. sympatric speciation occur?
45. What are vestigial structures?
46. What evolutionary force happens most due to chance?
47. Be able to read the graphs of 3 types of selection.
48. Be able to solve Hardy Weinberg problems.
49. Be able to interpret half life graphs.