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Chapter 14: The High Middle
Ages
Chapter 14: The High Middle Ages
SECTION 1: THE CRUSADES
Crusades
• European Christians
launched a series of
religious wars called the
Crusades.
• The goal of each war
was to take the Holy
Land.
Why did the Europeans launch the
Crusades?
• Muslim Turks conquered holy land and
attacked the Byzantium empire. Byzantium
emperor asked Pope Urban II for assistance
against Muslim invasion.
• Pope called on Christian to capture the holy
land.
Crusades
• Muslims had taken control of Jerusalem,
Persia, and Southwest Asia by the late 100s.
• Pope Urban II called Church leaders to the
Council of Clermont.
First Crusade
First Crusade
• Peasants and knights set out on the First
Crusade in 1096.
• Some Crusaders in Germany decided to fight
the Jews located there.
• Took three years to reach Jerusalem and once
the Muslims were defeated and set up
Christian states in the Holy Land.
First Crusade/Second Crusade
• By 1144, the Muslims started to regain control
of the land that they lost in the First Crusade
including Edessa.
• The Second Crusade started in 1147 and it was
a failure.
Second Crusade
Third Crusade
• Saladin gained control in
the Muslim world and set
out to take back the
Crusader states.
• He drove the Christians
out of Jerusalem.
• Richard the Lion Hearted
attacks but was unable to
take back the Holy Land.
• The Third Crusade ended
in a draw.
Third Crusade
Fourth Crusade
• Christians attempted to take back the
Jerusalem in 1201.
• They were disorganized and dangerous so
when they reached Constantinople, they
decided to loot the city.
• By 1291, Muslims had completely driven
Christians out of the Holy Land.
Fourth Crusade
Sum it all up; what happened
during the Crusades?
• Crusaders (Christians) won holy land, set up
four feudal states, only for the Muslims to take
it back.
Effects of Crusades
•
•
•
•
Increased European trade with Asia
Increased power of kings
Decreased power of pope
Strained relationships between Christians,
Jews, and Muslims
• Population decreased
Chapter 14: The High Middle Ages
SECTION 2: TRADE AND TOWNS
Growth of towns and cities in
Middle Ages?
• New technologies meant fewer farm workers
• Merchants led growth as trade increased
• Jobs were available
Trade
• Italians were the first people to have good
economy in Medieval Europe.
• They traded across the Mediterranean and
Adriatic Seas.
• They would trade silk and spices.
• Trade encouraged people to use money so
merchants allowed people to buy goods on
credit.
Trade and Towns
• People started to move
into cities.
• New technologies
included: wind mill, plow,
and water mills.
• Towns were run by lords
who charged whatever
they wanted in taxes.
• By 1300, Paris and Rome
each had 100,000
residents.
Trade and Towns
•
•
•
•
•
Craftspeople organized into guilds.
Guilds restricted competition.
They would set prices for their products.
They would train children in their craft.
You would start out as an apprentice, then
work your way up to master.
Trade and Towns
• Middle Ages cities were
very dirty.
• Streets were narrow
and contained many
buildings.
• Animals as well as
people crowded city
streets.
• Disease, fire, and crime
were the main dangers.
Daily Life
•
•
•
•
•
•
Crowded
Dirty
Dangerous
Places to socialize
Entertainment
sports
Chapter 14: The High Middle Ages
SECTION 3: ART AND CULTURE OF
THE MIDDLE AGES
Major Achievements in Art and
Literacy
• Gothic cathedrals
• Illuminated manuscripts
• Beautiful woven tapestries
Art and Culture
• Many writings of the Middle Ages dealt with
religion.
• People were encourages to interpret the Holy
Bible in their own ways.
• Epics and romances were other popular
writing choices of the day.
Art and Culture
• Poems were performed
by troubadours.
• They were written in
the vernacular, or
everyday language.
Medieval thinking and learning
• Universities
• Scholasticism
• Study of classical writings
Education
• Scientific research was also important.
• Alchemy, and early form of chemistry was
practiced.
• Scientists would try do such things as turn
base metals (lead) into gold.
Education
• Universities also started to spring up around
Europe.
• Subjects such as Latin Grammar, logic, and
astronomy.
Education
• Thomas Aquinas was
the most influential
scholar of the time.
• He studied Greek works
and argued that both
reason and faith were
necessary for an
understanding of truth.
• This is known as
Scholasticism.
Chapter 14: The High Middle Ages
SECTION 4: CHALLENGES OF THE
LATE MIDDLE AGES
Religious Crises
• Inquisition
• Disputes over papacy (pope power)
Challenges
• Heresy or beliefs that
opposed the official
teachings of the Church
were a big problem.
• They dealt with it in a
couple of ways.
Challenges
• The primary method was inquisitions.
• These are legal procedures supervised by
special judges.
• Heresy was also fought through Christian
education.
Challenges
• Friars traveled around
spreading Christian
ideals.
• They also took vows of
poverty and obedience.
Causes of War
• Disputes over leadership
Wartime
• One of the best ways to gain political power
was to wage war.
• The French king died in 1328, made the
English want to rule both England and France.
• Edward III invaded France in 1337, starting the
Hundred Years’ War.
Wartime
• England had the upper
hand until Joan of Arc
came along.
• Her troops won an
important battle at
Orleans.
• She was captured and put
to death.
• Charles VII rallied his
troops and the French
took back the land the
English took and won the
war by 1453.
Wartime
• Two families, Lancasters and Yorks started
fighting which lead to the War of the Roses in
1453.
• At first the Yorkists were successful but that
would change after Edward IV died.
• After numerous uprisings, Henry VII would
rise to power by 1487, ending the war.
Black Death
• A deadly plague that killed 25 million people
and caused the manor system to fall apart
Black Death
• The Black Death devastated Europe from 1347
to 1351.
• It is still unknown what it actually was and
what caused it.
• It is believed that it existed in two forms:
bubonic and pneumonic plague.
• It was passed around by humans and animals.
Black Death
• If a person became
infected, they would have
large dark splotches on
the skin.
• High fever, vomiting,
severe headaches.
• The Black Death meant
certain death and most
people died within a few
days.
• 25 million people died as
a result (one third of the
population).