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PSYCHOLOGY 132 Page 1 1. Which neurotransmitter is most involved in sleep and arousal a. dopamine b. serotonin c. leptin d. neuropeptide Y 2. Consonants a. are created by movements that change the size and shape of the vocal cavity. b. are present in the speech that typifies nonfluent aphasia c. are created by movements that temporarily obstruct the air flow through the vocal tract. d. both b and c 3. Which of the following is a correct statement about the Garcia effect (belongingness)? a. It can be produced with events that are not temporally contiguous b. It disconfirms the equipotentiality principle c. Its details depend on the species studied d. all of the above 4. Young-Helmholtz theory a. addresses the same visual function as duplex theory b. is an expression of the doctrine of specific nerve energies c. is founded on the assumption of opponent processes d. predicted the existence of the retinal mechanism of lateral inhibition 5. Which phenomenon reveals a failure of Pavlovian learning under conditions of temporal contiguity and contingency? a. blocking b. extinction c. the partial reinforcement effect d. shaping 6. The number of function morphemes in the sentence “He repainted old cars”, is: a. 1 b. 3 c. 4 d. 7 7. The opponent process theory of motivation a. assumes a homeostatic tendency to counter any deviation from normal b. predicts that repeated bouts of one mood (e.g., sadness) decrease the strength of the opponent mood (joy) c. predicts that during drug withdrawal, the opponent process exaggerates the mood induced by the drug d. none of the above PSYCHOLOGY 132 Page 2 Which of the following assertions is correct a. HM lacks STM b. both maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal result in changes in LTM c. retrograde amnesia can accompany anterograde amnesia d. declarative memory is more closely related to the notion of implicit memory than to the notion of explicit memory 9. The Weber fraction a. is the same for touch and taste b. is generally smaller for REM sleep than non-REM sleep c. suggests that the nervous system is insensitive to proportional changes d. involves a psychological entity, the JND, that is measured in physical units 10. Pavlov’s assumption of the arbitrariness of learning a. predicts that any neutral stimulus and any US can become associated b. is supported by interoceptive conditioning c. is brought into question by taste aversion learning d. all of the above 11. Partial reinforcement a. produces behavior that is more easily extinguished than behavior produced by continuous reinforcement b. can be implemented through fixed and variable interval schedules c. is most effective when the intermittent reinforcements are predictable d. applies only to classical conditioning 12. In an experiment investigating Pavlovian conditioning, P(US/CS) is fixed at .40. Which of the graphs below correctly depicts the strength of conditioning as a function of P(US/no CS)? CR strength 8. 0 . 1 . 2 .3 .4 P(US/no CS) A 13. .1 .2 .3 .4 P(US/no CS) B .1 .2 .3 .4 P(US/no CS) C Which of the following is not a property of the parasympathetic system a. stimulates digestive functions b. slows heart and lungs c. inhibits sexual activity d. facilitates cooling of the body . 1 . 2 .3 .4 P(US/no CS) D PSYCHOLOGY 132 Page 3 14. Chomsky would argue that a. language is acquired through Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning b. our language competence is due to biologically endowed hypotheses about the general form of languages c. Plato’s paradox of learning does not apply to language d. the ability to combine words into sentences derives from episodic memory 15. Apraxia is: a. a major sensory deficit, such as blindness, deafness, or insensitivity to touch b. a serious disturbance in the organization and comprehension of sensory input c. a paralysis of some part of the body d. a serious disturbance in the ability to plan and organize voluntary action 16. The method of shaping by successive approximation refers to a. reinforcing behaviors that are progressively closer to a desired complex behavior b. finding the average value around which an interval or ratio should vary in order to have an effective schedule of reinforcement c. determining the US that will elicit the UR most similar to the desired CR d. learning by trial-and-error 17. Implicit memory a. is lost in anterograde amnesia b. is preserved in Alzheimer’s disease but not in Korsakoff’s c. involves awareness of what is being remembered d. influences judgements automatically, whether we want it to or not 18. Spontaneous recovery a. is the change in the CR that occurs when the US no longer follows the CS b. is the restoration of an extinguished CR by re-presenting the CS after a delay c. refers to the fact that neutral stimuli similar to a CS can also elicit the CR, but less strongly d. is the restoration of an extinguished UR by re-presenting the US after a delay 19. Removal of a stimulus following a response is referred to as a. negative reinforcement if it increases the probability of the response that precedes the removal b. positive reinforcement if it increases the probability of the response that precedes the removal c. punishment if it decreases the probability of the response that precedes the removal d. both a and c 20. Which of the following is true about hunger? PSYCHOLOGY 132 a. b. c d. Page 4 In animals, eating behavior is tied to the caloric content of food rather than to the amount of food Glucose delivered directly to the liver causes an animal that is eating to eat more vigorously Presence of neuropeptide Y dulls the appetite Regulation of body weight fails when the ability to taste food is eliminated 21. In the underlying structure of the sentence “The ball was passed by Mia Hamm”, a. the focus is on the done-to b. the focus is on Mia Hamm c. the proposition differs from that in the sentence “Mia Hamm passed the ball” d. the attitude is the same as in the underlying structure of the sentence “the ball was not passed by Mia Hamm” 22. The phonemes of a language a. are meaningless sounds that make a difference in the language b. are meaningless elements equal in number to the morphemes of the language c. are the smallest units of language that possess meaning d. are equal in number to the letters of the alphabet 23. Homeostasis applies to a. the cooling of the body but not the heating of the body b. the regulation of eating behavior by the hypothalamus but not by the liver c. slow-wave sleep but not REM sleep d. the relation between opponent moods (e.g., sadness, joy) 24. When a green light is on, a thirsty animal presses a bar to obtain water. The operant is: a. the green light b. pressing the bar c. the state of being thirsty d. the water 25. Withdrawal symptoms associated with addiction a. are predicted by the opponent-process theory of motivation b. are the result of a failure to counter any deviation from normal, that is, a breakdown of homeostatic processes c. highlight the fact that the CS causes the same response as the US d. both a and b 26. Temporal summation in spinal reflexes a. is demonstrated with successive sub-threshold stimuli at the same place on the body PSYCHOLOGY 132 b. c. d. Page 5 proves that inhibitory effects from different regions of the body funnel into the same common path is mediated by a different neural mechanism than spatial summation indicates that the synapse is the site for the accumulation of excitatory but not inhibitory processes 27. Sensations are the basic elements of perception for a. Gestaltism b. Gibson c. Helmholtz d. Skinner 28. Red-green cells are inhibited by a. “yellow” cones b. “blue” cones c. “red” cones d. “green” cones 29. Which of the following is true about the distinction between function and content morphemes? a. It exists in some but not all languages b. In learning a second language, function morphemes are more challenging than content morphemes c. In aphasia, the use and comprehension of content morphemes tend to suffer most d. all of the above 30. Disinhibition is a. the suppression of a muscle by its antagonist b. the mechanism of extinction c. the basis of higher-order conditioning d. the increase in a reflex’s strength following removal of a higher brain center 31. In the depictions below of motion parallax, arrow length is speed (real and relative) and arrow pointing is direction of motion (real and relative). Which depiction is correct? A B C D PSYCHOLOGY 132 Page 6 32. A light of wavelength 500 nanometers (nm) becomes a CS through Pavlovian conditioning. In a test of stimulus generalization which of the following wavelengths is most likely to produce the weakest CR? a. 425 nm b. 650 nm c. 500 nm d. 525 nm 33. Which of the following is a true statement about sleep? a. prolonged deprivation of REM sleep can lead to illness and possibly death b. physical fatigue lengthens the periods of slow-wave sleep c. movements of the two eyes in REM sleep are uncoordinated d. all of the above 34. The ambiguity of “visiting relatives can be boring” originates at the level of a. underlying structure b. surface structure c. word meaning d. morphemes 35. With respect to Gestalt principles of perceptual grouping a. shapes that are similar are less likely to be grouped together than shapes that have the same orientation and color b. the principles are learned c. grouping by proximity occurs for spatial layouts but not for temporal events d. subjective contours make sense in terms of the organizational principle of proximity not in terms of the organizational principle of good continuation 36. The claim that perception is always in the direction of the best inference would be made by a. Helmholtz b. Gestalt Psychologists c. Gibson d. Berkeley 37. One implication of the fact that the size of an object in the environment does not seem to change as the object’s distance from you changes is that a. the retinal image of the object does not change with distance b. the distal stimulus must shrink as the proximal stimulus grows, and vice versa PSYCHOLOGY 132 c. d. Page 7 size perception is based on a constant ratio between the object’s retinal size and the retinal size of adjacent textural elements the maximum-likelihood principle has failed 38. In respect to movements of perceivers and objects a. global optical inflow specifies that the perceiver is moving forward b. the inverse of the relative rate of expansion of a closed optical contour specifies the distance of an approaching object from the perceiver at a given point in time c. a stationary object inside a moving frame will appear to move in the direction of the frame d. motion parallax and optic flow provide information about depth as well as information about the perceiver’s movement 39. Which monocular cues to depth are present in this figure? a. b. c. d. linear perspective, good continuation, texture gradient relative size, proximity, tau interposition, linear perspective, relative size proximity, texture gradient, interposition 40. An animal will start eating if _______ is electrically stimulated. a. the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus b. the sympathetic nervous system c. the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus d. any of the above 41. In respect to dreams, the activation-synthesis hypothesis a. attributes them to the sleeper’s personal problems b. suggests that they arise from LTM when it is unconstrained by environmentinduced processing in sensory and working memory c. associates their production with the brain’s lowered activation during REM sleep d. both b and c PSYCHOLOGY 132 Page 8 42. The CR a. is always identical to the UR b. is identical to the UR in conditioning involving blood sugar level but not in conditioning involving the pain threshold c. is frequently different from the UR because the CS serves as a preparatory signal for the US rather than functioning as a substitute for the US d. differs from the UR only in amplitude and latency 43. Which of the following properties is not identical across human languages? a. generativity b. duality of structure c. underlying phrase structure d. surface phrase structure 44. One of the following statements is incorrect. Which one? a. Chimpanzees can express propositional thought b. A lesion of the right parietal lobe results in the person neglecting the environment to his left c. Lashley promoted the idea of distributed memory representations d. The right hemisphere is the site of language in the majority of left-handed people. 45. Removal of the ventromedial nucleus a. produces an overreaction of certain branches of the sympathetic system b. results in less glucose being turned into fat c. results in hyperphagia d. all of the above 46. Damage to non-primary areas in the rear of the cortex could result in a. agnosia and apraxia b. aphasia and agnosia c. apraxia and aphasia d. agnosia, apraxia and aphasia 47. The somatosensory primary projection area is located in the a. temporal lobe b. frontal lobe c. occipital lobe d. parietal lobe 48. The spelling er is not a morpheme in which of the following words: a. paper b. boxer c. faster d. louder 49. Procedural knowledge PSYCHOLOGY 132 a. b. c. d. Page 9 is the focus of concern in studies of permastore of something can not exist without corresponding declarative knowledge of that something is often implicit is affected by brain injuries in the same way that declarative knowledge is affected by brain injuries 50. Alphabetic writing systems a. represent phonemes and evolved later in human history than logographic writing systems b. represent the smallest units of the language that carry meaning c. represent combinations of consonants and vowels (that is, syllables) and evolved later in human history than ideographic writing systems d. are less generative than logographic writing systems 51. Which brain region includes the hypothalamus and the cells affected in Korkasoff’s syndrome? a. The limbic system b. The parietal lobe c. The neocortex d. The somatosensory system 52. Second-order conditioning uses a. a US in the role of a CS b. a CR in the role of a CS c. a CS in the role of a US d. a UR in the role of a US 53. In shaping by successive approximations, the reinforcement can be a. a stimulus b. a preferred behavior c. a conditioned reinforcement d. all of the above 54. The lock-and-key model of synaptic transmission a. addresses the fact that the individual neuron responds selectively to neurotransmitters b. does not encompass all forms of neurotransmission c. highlights the significance of a transmitter molecule’s shape in bringing about a change in the postsynaptic membrane d. all of the above 55. The encoding-specificity hypothesis focuses on PSYCHOLOGY 132 a. b. c. d. Page 10 the similarities between the conditions of learning some facts and the conditions of recalling those facts the similarities between proactive and retroactive interference the contrast between coding phonetically and coding semantically the specific relations between the nature of chunks and elaborative rehearsal 56. Subjects are presented a list of words to study at a rate of one per second. As soon as the list ends, they perform a mental arithmetic task for 10 seconds before recalling the words in any order. This procedure should: a. prevent a primacy effect b. prevent a recency effect c. have no effect on either primacy or recency d. prevent both primacy and recency effects 57. Vasodilation a. helps warm the body b. is reflexive c. is governed by the sympathetic system d. both b and c 58. Animals learn about controllable regularities of succession through a. operant learning b. Pavlovian learning c. belongingness d. contiguity 59. Syntax a. like phonology is a system of rules b. differs from phonology in that it is a finite set of rules c. is a mental capacity for combining the morphemes of a language d. can be acquired by non-human animals 60. English contains about _______ phonemes. a. 26 b. 40 c. 5,000 d. 50,000 61. In producing a sentence, we move from a. phonemes to surface phrase structure to propositions b. surface phrase structure to propositions to phonemes c. propositions to surface phrase structure to phonemes d. words to sentences to phrases 62. A certain metabolic reaction in the liver triggers a signal that leads to eating. What is this signal? PSYCHOLOGY 132 63. Page 11 a. fats are converted into glycogen b. glycogen is converted into fat c. glucose is converted into glycogen d. glycogen is converted into glucose The direct-perception theory of Gibson emphasizes a. higher-order invariants b. unconscious inference c. grouping principles d. proximal stimulus ambiguity 64. The smell system of animals of species A has a Weber fraction of 1/10. The smell system of animals of species B has a Weber fraction of 1/100. a. B is more sensitive to smells than A b. A is more sensitive to smells than B c. For an odor that measures 50 in “stink” units, A’s JND would be 5 and B’s JND would be 0.5. d. both a and c 65. A momentary closing of the eyes produces a. paradoxical sleep b. lowered thresholds of the body’s reflexes c. alpha waves d. stage 4 EEG patterns 66. In an interview, Manny Ramirez recalls the first time he hit a home run in the major leagues. Which type of memory is he using? a. episodic b. procedural c. semantic d. declarative 67. Which of the following is true about hunger related processes? a. The neurotransmitter leptin signals that adipose cells are filled b. The appetite-related neurotransmitter Neuropeptide-Y exerts its strongest effects outside the hypothalamus c. The sympathetic nervous system inhibits digestive processes d. All of the above 68. Learning involving the somatic system and learning involving the autonomic system would be achieved best through a. Pavlovian conditioning b. operant conditioning c. operant conditioning for the somatic and Pavlovian conditioning for the autonomous d. Pavlovian conditioning for the somatic and operant conditioning for the autonomous PSYCHOLOGY 132 69. 70. Page 12 Which of the following is correct? a. Removal of a brain area in several successive steps is more disruptive of function than removal in one step b. Hubel and Wiesel’s complex feature detector responds to a line in a specific orientation regardless of the line’s location in the visual field c. Any disturbance that pushes a system away from its set point will be magnified by negative feedback d. Lashley found that a lesion anywhere in the rat motor cortex is sufficient to eliminate the memory of a specific response to a specific stimulus Pavlov believed that inhibition is less permanent than excitation. Which phenomenon did he cite as evidence for this view? a. generalization of the orientation reflex b. second order conditioning c. spontaneous recovery d. the difficulty of forming a CR if the CS-US interval is more than a minute 71. Changing the temperature of the hypothalamus a. affects temperature-regulating operant behaviors (e.g., a rat will press a lever to get heat if the hypothalamus is cooled) b. affects only the involuntary reflexes of vasoconstriction and vasodilation c. affects the involuntary reflexes (e.g. panting) only if the body temperature also changes d. in the direction of making it hotter, produces shivering 72. The hypothesis that forgetting may be temporary is consistent with a. the encoding specificity hypothesis b. rapid reacquisition of Pavlovian learning c. the interference theory of forgetting d. all of the above 73. The Russian physiologist Sechenov argued that a. associations were qualitatively different from reflexes b. only involuntary behaviors could be explained by reflex-like mechanisms c. there are reflexes of the brain as well as reflexes of the spine d. voluntary-involuntary is the same distinction as mind-body 74. If the US in a Pavlovian learning procedure is insulin a. the UR is a decrease in blood sugar b. the CR is a decrease in blood sugar c. the CR is an increase in blood sugar d. both a and b 75. The geometric relation between the size of the retinal image of an object and the distance of the object PSYCHOLOGY 132 a. b. c. d. Page 13 is such that the product ‘image size object distance’ for a given object is always the same value can provide a basis for perceiving that the size of an object seen at different distances from the perceiver remains the same can explain why you perceive the sizes of two people of approximately the same height but at different distances to be the same despite the different retinal image sizes (smaller for the further person, larger for the nearer person) all of the above 76. Slow wave sleep a. involves dreaming b. occupies less sleeping time than REM sleep c. has higher sensory thresholds than REM sleep d. increases in duration as the night progresses 77. The law of effect was proposed by a. Thorndike b. Sechenov c. Pavlov d. Skinner 78. One-trial learning characterizes a. belongingness b. blocking c. Pavlov’s first-order conditioning d. shaping 79. Somatic and autonomic are divisions of which nervous system? a. central b. peripheral c. parasympathetic d. sympathetic 80. A split brain patient who is right-handed cannot a. see an object presented briefly on the right side of the field of vision b. name an object presented briefly on the right side of the field of vision c. name an object presented briefly on the left side of the field of vision d. see anything presented to the right hemisphere 81. Certain ganglion cells in the frog’s visual system a. respond selectively to “buglike” stimuli b. meet the criteria for feature detectors c. function like cells in the visual cortex (occipital lobe) of higher animals, such as cats and monkeys PSYCHOLOGY 132 d. Page 14 all of the above 82. In learning a second language a. learning before age 7 results in performance equal to that of native speakers b. learning at 10, 20 or 30 years of age will result in the same level of syntactic fluency c. success declines with the age at which one is first exposed to the language, as is similarly the case in learning a first language (for example, learning American Sign Language by the deaf) d. both a and c 83. Underlying phrase structure has two aspects: a. morphemes and phonemes b. verb phrase and noun phrase c. proposition and attitude d. paraphrase and syntax 84. The_____is an event that elicits a response without prior learning. a. UR b. CR c. US d. CS 85. Empiricism a. emphasizes the availability of concepts and categories given at birth b. rejects the notion of sensations c. assumes that memories acquired in experience can convert sensations into perceptions d. assumes that the proximal stimulus is not ambiguous 86. With respect to phoneme discrimination a. Three-month old Japanese babies, like their adult parents, cannot distinguish the sounds “la” and “ra” from each other b. infants can initially respond to almost all sound distinctions made in any language c. infants acquire the distinctions that matter in their language; initially those distinctions cannot be made d. both a and c 87. Performance of skilled motor acts by the right hand is controlled by the: a. frontal lobe of the left hemisphere b. parietal lobe of the right hemisphere c. temporal lobe of the left hemisphere d. frontal lobe of the right hemisphere 88. Recovery from aphasia is: a. more likely in right-handers than left-handers PSYCHOLOGY 132 b. c. d. Page 15 more likely in left-handers than right-handers equally likely in right- and left-handers and occurs to some extent equally unlikely in right- and left-handers and occurs very rarely, if ever, in anyone 89. I have learned to open my umbrella in order to stop the rain from soaking me. What led to this learning? a. positive reinforcement b. negative punishment c. punishment d. negative reinforcement 90. The typical sequence of events during the first few trials of classical conditioning is a. neutral stimulus, US, UR b. US, neutral stimulus, UR c. US, CS, UR d. UR, CR, CS 91. The sentence, “A square cannot simply be reduced to a set of four lines” expresses a central premise of the perceptual theory advanced by a. Gestalt psychology b. Hubel and Wiesel c. Helmholtz d. Gibson 92. The hippocampus a. is in the parietal lobe b. is defective in retrograde amnesiacs c. when damaged results in a reduction of STM capacity to 0-2 chunks d. is part of the limbic system 93. Backward conditioning refers to a. US occurring before CS b. UR occurring before US c. US occurring after CS d. US occurring after CR 94. REM sleep a. occurs about 2-3 times a night b. has the frequency and amplitude characteristics of Stage 3 sleep c. consumes less of the overall sleeping period the older one gets d. is when sleep walking and nightmares are most likely to occur 95. A major advance in the understanding of synaptic function was made by a. Sherrington b. Lashley c. Sperry PSYCHOLOGY 132 d. Page 16 Hubel and Wiesel 96. The optical variable Tau is in units of a. speed b. time c. distance d. direction 97. Children near the end of the one-word stage (about 15-20 months) a. exhibit sensitivity to the structure of propositions conveyed by sentences b. do not speak function words but are perceptually sensitive to how these words are used in the language c. can think about the thing a word (e.g., “daddy”) labels when the thing is not in view d. all of the above 98. Phonemic awareness a. is awareness of the number of meaningless sounds of speech that compose a spoken word b. is awareness of the number of meaningless sounds of speech that compose a written word c. hinders the acquisition of the alphabet principle d. is exhibited by infants in the first few months of life 99. Which of the following is not a Gestalt principle of perceptual grouping? a. proximity b. similarity c. good continuation d. relative size 100. How many phrases compose the sentence “the girl kicked the ball”? a. 6 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4