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Transcript
Metabolism/ Notes #4 - Cellular Respiration – Part 2 Date_____ Objectives Explain how 36 ATP are made from one glucose molecule. Understand how ATP synthase works. Begin to understand chemiosmosis. Key Vocabulary Cristae Intermembrane Space Krebs Cycle NADH Oxygen Matrix FADH2 ATP Synthase Endosymbiosis Electron Carriers Chemiosmosis Acetyl CoA ETC Cellular Respiration - Stage 2 & 3: Oxidation of Pyruvate - Krebs Cycle Glycolysis is only the start Glycolysis Pyruvate has more energy to yield 3 more C to strip off __________________ _________________________________________ enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation of sugar to CO2 Mitochondria — Structure Double membrane energy harvesting organelle Smooth outer membrane Highly folded inner membrane ________________ ___________________________ fluid-filled space between membranes __________________________ inner fluid-filled space DNA, Ribosomes enzymes free in matrix & membrane-bound Mitochondria – Function What is evidence of endosymbiosis? __________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ What is the advantage of the highly folded inner membrane? ___________________ _______________________________________________ Oxidation of pyruvate Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix 3 step oxidation process Releases 2 CO2 (count the carbons!) Reduces _______________________________________ Produces ____________________________ Acetyl CoA enters __________________________ Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA - Yields: __________________________________________ Krebs cycle aka Citric Acid Cycle in ____________________________ 8 step pathway each catalyzed by specific enzyme step-wise _______________________________ ___________________________________ does that make evolutionary sense? bacteria 3.5 billion years ago (glycolysis) free O2 2.7 billion years ago (photosynthesis) eukaryotes 1.5 billion years ago (aerobic respiration = organelles ---mitochondria) Count the carbons! pyruvate 3C 2C 6C 4C This happens twice for each glucose molecule 4C acetyl CoA citrate oxidation of sugars CO2 x2 4C 4C 6C 5C 4C CO2 AP Biology Electron Carriers = Hydrogen Carriers Krebs cycle produces large quantities of _____________________ NADH FADH2 go to _____________________________ Energy accounting of Krebs cycle Net gain = __________________ = ________________________ Value of Krebs cycle? If the yield is only 2 ATP then how was the Krebs cycle an adaptation? _____________________________ electron carriers & H carriers reduced molecules move electrons reduced molecules move H+ ions. To be used in the ____________________________________ What’s the point?? _________________ And how do we do that? ATP synthase set up a H+ gradient allow H+ to flow through ATP synthase powers bonding of Pi to ADP ADP + Pi ATP But have we done that yet???? Cellular Respiration - Stage 4 - Electron Transport Chain ATP accounting so far… _____________________ _____________________ Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4 ATP! There is a better way! Electron Transport Chain Series of proteins built into ________________________________________ along _________________________ transport proteins & enzymes transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H+ ions to create H+ gradient yields ____________________________________ only in presence of O2 (__________________________________________) Mitochondria Double membrane outer membrane _______________________ highly folded _______________ enzymes and transport proteins intermembrane space fluid-filled space between membranes Remember the Electron Carriers? What are they? _________________ Electron Transport Chain What is building the proton gradient? ____________________________ Stripping H from Electron Carriers Electron carriers pass electrons and H+ to ETC ________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in mitochondrial membrane (ETC) _______________________________________ Transport proteins in membrane pump H+ (_____________________) across inner membrane to __________________________________________ But what “pulls” the electrons down the ETC? H2O O2 AP Biology electrons flow downhill to O2 oxidative phosphorylation Electrons flow downhill Electrons move in steps _________________________________________ each carrier more electronegative _________________________ _________________________ We did it! Set up a __________________ Allow the _______________________________ ____________________________ ___________________________ Chemiosmosis ___________________________________________ Build up of proton gradient just so H+ could flow through ATP synthase enzyme to build ATP Chemiosmosis links ______________________________________ Summary of cellular respiration Where did the glucose come from? _________________________ Where did the O2 come from? _____________________________ Where did the CO2 come from? ___________________________ Where did the CO2 go? __________________________ Where did the H2O come from? ___________________________ Where did the ATP come from? ___________________________________ What else is produced that is not listed in this equation? _____________________ Why do we breathe? __________________________________________ Taking it beyond… What is the final electron acceptor in Electron Transport Chain? _______________ So what happens if O2 is not available? __________________ Nothing to pull electrons down chain NADH and FADH2 can’t unload H+ ____________ production ceases _________________________________ __________________________________