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DEEPENING MATHEMATICS INSTRUCTION IN THE MIDDLE SCHOOLCHAPTER 1 CONTINUED FRACTIONS Lance Burger Fresno State CI 161 SOME BACKGROUND Origins difficult to pinpoint. Evidence theyโve been around over the last 2000 years. ๏ข Typically credited to the emergence of Euclidโs algorithm, as by manipulating the algorithm, one can derive the continued fraction representation for ๐/๐. ๏ข ๏ข 7 5 7 5 2 5 Ex. โ 7 = 5 โ 1 + 2 โ = 1 + โ 1 + 1 5 2 5 1 5=2โ2+1โ =2+ 2 2 7 1 1 = 1 + 5 = 1 + 1 = [1, 2, 2] 5 2 2+ 2 SOME HISTORY The Indian mathematician Aryabhata (d. 550 AD) used a continued fraction process (to solve a linear indeterminate equation (Diophantine). He referred to the approach as โKuttaka,โ meaning to โpulverize and break up into smaller pieces.โ ๏ข ๏ข Evidence of use of โzeroโ as well as his commentary on the irrationality of ๐ predates the emergence of zero (Bakhshali Manuscript) as well as Lambertโs proof of the irrationality of ๐ (1761). [3.1416 โapproachingโ ratio of ๐ถ/๐] SOME BACKGROUND ๏ข ๏ข ๏ข Rafael Bombelli (b. c.1530) expressed 13 as a non-terminating continued fraction. Pietro Cataldi (1548-1626) did the same for 18. John Wallis (1616-1703) developed the topic with his Arithemetica Infinitorium (1655) with results like (coined term continued fraction): 4 ๐ = 3×3×5×5×7×7×โฏ 2×4×4×6×6×โฏ =1+ 12 32 2+ 52 2+ 2+โฏ SOME BACKGROUND Not surprisingly, Euler laid down much of the modern theory in his work De Fractionlous Continious (1737) Next is an example of one of his basic theorems, but first a few preliminaries: ๏ข An expression of the form ๐0 + 1 ๐1 + 1 1 ๐2 +๐ +โฏ 3 is said to be a simple continued fraction. The ๐๐ can be either real or complex numbers (the diagram on the first slide of this talk represents a complex continued fraction using circles of Apollonius) From Eulerโs De Fractionlous Continious (1737): Theorem 1: A number is rational if and only if it can expressed as a simple finite continued fraction. Proof: By repeated use of the Euclidean algorithm: p = a1q + r1, 0 <= r1 < q, q = a2r1 + r2, 0 <= r2 < r1, r1 = a3r2 + r3, 0 <= r3 < r2, : : rn-3 = an-1rn-2 + rn-1, 0 <= rn-1 < rn-2, rn-2 = anrn-1. The sequence r1, r2, r3,..., rn-1 forms a strictly decreasing sequence of non-negative integers that must converge to zero in a finite number of steps. A few examples from Eulerโs De Fractionlous Continious (1737) Upon rearrangement of the algorithm: ๐ 1 = ๐1 + ๐ ๐ ๐1 ๐ 1 = ๐1 + ๐ 1 ๐1 ๐2 โฎ ๐๐โ2 1 = ๐๐โ1 + ๐ ๐โ1 ๐๐โ1 ๐๐ ๐๐โ1 = ๐๐ ๐๐ A few examples from Eulerโs De Fractionlous Continious (1737) and substituting each equation into the previous yields an ๐ expression that: ๐ = ๐0 + 1 1 ๐1 + ๐2 + 1 ๐3 + โฆ+ 1 1 1 ๐๐โ1 +๐ ๐ which is a finite simple continued fraction as desired. For the converse of the proof, by induction on ๐๐ : ๐ = 1 if a number ๐ = ๐1 then it is clearly rational since ๐1 โ โค. ๐ = ๐0 + ๐= 1 ๐0 + ๐ต 1 ๐1 + 1 1 ๐2 + 1 ๐3 + 1 โฆ+ 1 ๐๐ + ๐๐+1 , where by inductive hypothesis B is rational hence: 1 ๐ ๐0 ๐ + ๐ ๐ = ๐0 + ๐ = ๐0 + = โโ โด ๐ ๐ ๐ OTHER MATHEMATICAL RESULTS ABOUT CONTINUED FRACTIONS: (an investigation of this topic quickly became overwhelming!!!) โข Examples of continued fraction representations of irrational numbers are: ๏ข โข โข โข โ19 = [4;2,1,3,1,2,8,2,1,3,1,2,8,โฆ]. The pattern repeats indefinitely with a period of 6. ๐= [2;1,2,1,1,4,1,1,6,1,1,8,โฆ] The pattern repeats indefinitely with a period of 3 except that 2 is added to one of the terms in each cycle. ๐ =[3;7,15,1,292,1,1,1,2,1,3,1,โฆ] The terms in this representation are apparently random. Even in terms of irrational numbers โฆ pi is kind of weird! ๐ = 1; 1, 1,1,1,1,1, โฆ The Golden Mean, the most irrational of irrational numbers! How continued fractions can form a topic ranging from the primary grades โฆ all the way to graduate level mathematics! Justifications: A mathematics Grade 3 Common Core Standard: (4) Students describe, analyze, and compare properties of two dimensional shapes. They compare and classify shapes by their sides and angles, and connect these with definitions of shapes. Students also relate their fraction work to geometry by expressing the area of part of a shape as a unit fraction of the whole. Area proportion model representations of continued fractions: Example 1: 45 16 45 = 16 โ 2 + 13 45 13 1 =2+ =2+ 16 16 16 13 45 = 16 โ 2 + 13 45 13 1 =2+ =2+ 16 16 16 13 16 = 13 โ 1 + 3 16 3 =1+ 13 13 45 So far: 16 1 1 13 1+13 = 2 + 16 = 2 + 3 =2+ 1 1 1+ 13 3 13 = 3 โ 4 + ๐ 13 3 1 3 =4+ ; ๐๐ ๐๐ = ๐, ๐, ๐, ๐ , see it in the diagram? This expression relates directly to the geometry of the rectangle-as-squares jigsaw as follows: 2 orange squares (16 x 16) ๏ข 1 brown square (13 x 13) ๏ข 4 red squares (3 x 3) ๏ข 3 yellow squares (1 x 1) Eulerโs Theorem 1 geometrically: Since the (rational) numbers always reduce, that is, the size of the remaining rectangle left over will always have one side smaller than the starting rectangle, then the process will always stop with a final n-by-1 rectangle ๏ข Lecture Problem 1: Draw a continued fraction rectangle representation for: 20 11 Did you get an area diagram that represented 1,1,4,2 ? ๏ข Reversibility: In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the third stage is called the Concrete Operational stage. One of the important processes that develops is that of Reversibility, which refers to the ability to recognize that numbers or objects can be changed and returned to their original condition. Lecture Problem 2: Find the fraction form of โฆ [ 3, 2, 1, 2 ]. The next avenue CFโs can be used for it to transition from number sense to algebraic thinking, which ties in the concept of irrational numbers, as well as use of the unknown ๐ฅ (VARIABLE CONCEPT) Notice all of our CFโs so far have been finite. It turns out that rational numbers have finite CFโs and irrational numbers have infinite repeating CFโs. Similar but kind of reversed from another few ideas about numbers. Example 2: Find the fraction form of ๐. ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ โฆ Example 3: Find the fraction form of ๐. ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ โฆ Example 4: Prove that โ2 = [1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, ... ] Lecture Problem 2: Sketch a CF proportion rectangle for 37 . 17