Download Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Understanding Mental Illness
Canadian Mental Health Association
Windsor-Essex County Branch
Our Mission:
To enhance and promote the mental health of
all persons and support the resilience and
recovery of people experiencing mental illness
in our community through education,
prevention, advocacy and services.
Organizational Overview
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Resource Centre & Prevention Services
Community Relations & Fund Development
Work Place Health
Case Management
Housing & Employment Services
On-site clinic
Mental Health
A state of emotional and psychological
well-being that affects our ability to meet
the demands of life.
Mental health is far more than the
absence of mental illness.
Mental Illness/Disorder
• Diagnostic criteria includes symptoms
in areas such as mood, thinking
behaviour, as well as impairment in
functioning and/or significant distress.
• Approximately 20% of individuals will
experience a mental illness during their
lifetime.
• The economic cost of mental illness in
Canada was estimated to be at least
7.331 billion dollars in 1993
Types of Affective/Mood Disorders
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Depression
Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression)
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Dysthymia
Post Partum Depression
Depression: Signs and Symptoms
Mood:
depressed, hopeless, unable to
experience joy or pleasure
Thoughts:
impaired thinking, poor memory &
concentration, preoccupied with
death & suicide
Self-esteem: preoccupied by shortcomings,
worthlessness
Activity:
diminished or slowed movements
and activities, sleep and appetite
disturbances
Depression: Prevalence
• Approximately 8% of adults will experience a
major depression at some time in their life.
• During any 12 month period, between 4-5%
of the population will experience depression.
• Rates of depression are higher in females.
The female to male ratio is approximately 2:1
Bipolar Disorder Signs and Symptoms
• Involves cycles of manic episodes and
depressive episodes
• Manic episodes involve a euphoric mood,
perhaps an irritable mood, unreasonable
optimism, exaggerated sense of importance –
perhaps ranging to grandiose or paranoid
delusions, accelerated thoughts & speech,
increased physical activity, decreased need
for sleep and risky or bizarre behaviours.
Bipolar Disorder: Prevalence
• Prevalence rates range from 0.6% to 1% of
the population.
• Men and women are equally susceptible.
Gender plays a role in the onset and course
of the illness.
Types of Anxiety Disorder
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Phobias
• Panic Disorder
• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
• Post Traumatic Stress
Anxiety Disorders: Signs & Symptoms
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Severe, chronic,
exaggerated worry & tension, inability to relax
Phobia: extreme, irrational fear that leads to
avoidance behaviour
Panic Disorder: extreme feelings of anxiety.
Symptoms often mistaken for a heart attack.
Anticipatory anxiety & avoidance behaviour often
develop.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Endless cycles of
disturbing thoughts (obsessions) & rituals
(compulsions) that significantly interfere with daily
life.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):
Signs and Symptoms
• Occurs after exposure to a life threatening
event, such as personal assault, a serious
accident, a natural disaster or military combat
• Symptoms include re-experiencing or reliving
the trauma, avoidance behaviours and
heightened arousal
Anxiety Disorders: Prevalence
• Prevalence rates for anxiety disorders are about
12% (1 yr prevalence rates)
• Women are 2to3 times more likely than men to
suffer from any type of anxiety disorder.
• Over 30% of women experience an anxiety
disorder at some time in their life.
• Rates of obsessive compulsive disorder are
nearly equal for men and women
• Females risk of developing PTSD following a
trauma is twice that of males. Females are also
more likely to develop long-term PTSD & have
higher rates of co-occurring medical & psychiatric
problems.
Psychotic Disorders - Schizophrenia
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Complex brain disorder
It is not a “split personality”
Affects about 1% of the population
Affects men and women equally, but men
tend to develop the illness earlier
• Outcome for persons with schizophrenia is
highly variable.
Schizophrenia Signs and Symptoms
• Positive symptoms: delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized thinking/ speech, grossly
disorganized behaviour
• Negative symptoms: lack of emotions or
blunted emotions, low motivation,
inappropriate social skills or lack of interest in
socializing, social isolation
• Cognitive symptoms: slow thinking, difficulty
understanding, poor concentration &memory,
difficulty expressing thoughts
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa: deprivation of food, distorted
body image. Body weight at least 15% below
normal weight.
Bulimia Nervosa: cyclic binge eating followed by
purging. Weight is often normal.
Binge Eating Disorder: compulsive overeating
without attempting to purge
Eating Disorders: Prevalence
Approximately 3% of women will be
affected by an eating disorder during their
lifetime.
One-year prevalence rates:
Women – 2.8%
Men – 0.5%
Personality Disorders
• Broad and enduring patterns of
thoughts & behaviours that lead to
significant difficulties in establishing
fulfilling relationships or in leading a
productive life.
• Personality disorders affect 6% to 9% of
the population
• There are several different types of
personality disorders
Borderline Personality Disorder
• Pervasive pattern of instability in emotions,
interpersonal relationships, self-image &
severe impulsivity
• Often shows recurrent suicidal behaviour or
self-mutilating behaviour
• Prevalence – about 2% of the general
population
• About 75% of those diagnosed are females
Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Pervasive pattern of disregard for and
violation of, the rights of others – for
example, criminal behaviour, lying,
physical aggression, manipulation
• Behaviour patterns being in childhood/
adolescence & continue into adulthood
• Prevalence is about 3% in males &
about 1% in females
Suicide
• About 4,000 people die annually in
Canada by suicide and many, many
more try
• All Canadians are affected by suicide
and suicidal behaviour, regardless of
age, culture, income or education
• Male/Female ratio = 4:1 complete
suicide
• Women attempt more often
Suicide
• Suicidal feelings usually indicate an
underlying illness, frequently depression
• Treatment of depression can and does save
lives
• Most who die by suicide are not in treatment
• If someone talks about suicide, take it
seriously; notify a professional
Casual Factors in Mental Illness
• Mental illnesses are related to a complex
interaction of a number of factors:
– Genetic factors
– Neurobiological factors (e.g. levels of
neurotransmitters in the brain)
– Brain structure of processes
– Environmental factors (e.g. socioeconomic
factors, family, exposure to trauma, work
– Physical illness
Factors Related to Gender
Differences in Mental Illnesses
• Hormonal Differences
• Socialization
• Social Roles
• Psychosocial Factors
For more information contact:
255-7440
or
www.cmha-wecb.on.ca