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EOC Final Review 1. SUGAR 2. STARCH 1 GLYCEROL & 3 FATTY ACIDS SHORT-TERM (quick) ENERGY LONG-TERM (quick) ENERGY 1. BENEDICTS SOLUTION 1. IODINE SOLUTION BROWN PAPER BAG TEST INSULATION and PADDING AMINO ACIDS MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BODY BIURET’S SOLUTION NUCLEOTIDE (1 phosphate, 1 sugar, 1 nitrogen base) HOLD GENETIC INFORMATION 1. ALL LIVING THINGS HOLD RECIPE TO MAKE PROTEINS 2. DNA FINGERPRINTING • Identify the following molecules: Whatelement is in all ORGANIC molecules? CARBON • Building Block – subunit What a monomer? Ex.: 1 amino acid • What a Monomers connected together polymer? – macromolecule (big molecule) NUCLEIC ACID (DNA) NUCLEOTIDE • What 3 parts • make up a • nucleotide? • 1 PHOSPHATE 1 SUGAR 1 NITROGEN BASE Ex.: Protein LIPID (Fats, Oils, Waxes) PROTEIN CARBOHYDRATE (SUGAR) CARBOHYDRATE (STARH) What Macromolecules Are Involved? • Used for long-term Lipids energy storage • • Enzymes are this type of molecule This molecule typically ends Carbohydrates in -OSE • • • This helps rebuild Proteins muscles and tissue Used for Carbohydrates quick shortterm energy • • This holds the recipe for making proteins Nucleic Acid • Codes for Nucleic Acid proteins which code for traits • Benedicts solution is Sugars used to test Proteins This molecule typically ends Proteins in -ASE (enzymes) • Iodine solution Starches is used to test • Biurets solution Proteins is used to test Animals need this for warmth in cold environments Lipids for Insulation • Grease on brown paper bag is used to test Lipids PROTEINS AMINO A I J D H E G C F B ALL PROTEINS!!!!! ACIDS BOTH Stores ALL of the important information for the cell BOTH Decides what comes in and out of cell PLANTS ONLY BOTH Extra support and protection for plant cells Provides energy for the cell (ATP) Plants have 1 LARGE vacuole BOTH Animals have multiple small ones PLANTS ONLY BOTH Stores material Photosynthesis to make food for plant (glucose) Makes proteins (site of protein synthesis) PLANT ANIMAL NUCLEUS RIBOSOMES CELL MEMBRANE RIBOSOMES VACUOLE CELL WALL CELL MEMBRANE MITOCHONDRIA CHLOROPLAST CELL WALL CHLOROPLAST VACUOLE (large) PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC NO NUCLEUS HAS A NUCLEUS NO MEMBRANEBOUND ORGANELLES (ONLY RIBOSOMES) HAS MEMBRANEBOUND ORGANELLES PLASMIDS (circular DNA) DNA IN NUCLEUS (in chromosomes) SMALL, SIMPLE, OLDER LARGER, COMPLEX, YOUNGER DNA FREE FLOATING IN CYTOPLASM Which type of cell? Which cell has NO nucleus? Prokaryotic cells Where is the DNA located in Prokaryotic cells? Where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell? Free-floating in the cytoplasm Which cell has membrane-bound Eukaryotic cells organelles? Which cell HAS a nucleus? Eukaryotic cells Which cell evolved first and is older? Prokaryotic cells Nucleus Which cell is Eukaryotic cells younger and more complex? What is an organelle common to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? What cell type are plant and animal cells? Ribosomes Eukaryotic cells What cell type are Prokaryotic cells bacteria cells? Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Name that organelle… What types of cells Plant AND Animal have vacuoles? cells This make proteins in the cell Ribosomes This is where cellular respiration Mitochondria takes place These allow the Flagella and Cilia cell to move This controls what goes in and out of the cell This provides plants cells with structural support and protection Cell membrane Cell wall This is where photosynthesis Chloroplast takes place Cell membrane This is the boss of the cell – controls the processes within the cell Nucleus This stores extra food and water in the cell Vacuole Which organic molecules make up the cell membrane Lipids and Proteins Identify #1-4 1. Mitochondria 2. Central Vacuole 3. Nucleus 4. Chloroplast What do X and Y have in common? Both are used for MOVEMENT! Cell Specialization Review STEM cells These cell are UNDIFFERENTIATED – they do net have a job yet. What are the two Adult and types of stem Embryonic cells? Do all cells in a body have the YES! same DNA? Do all cells in a body have the NO! same JOB? I am a cell with genes turned on to make proteins for NERVE cells SENDING MESSAGES? I am a cell with genes turned on to make proteins for STETCHING and CONTRACTING? MUSCLE cells I am a cell with genes turned on to make proteins for SWIMMING? SPERM cells I am a cell with genes turned on to XYLEM cells make proteins for bringing WATER from the roots to the leaves of plants? I am a cell with genes turned on to make proteins for moving FOOD around plants? PHLOEM cells How do cells know what type of cell Some GENES are turned to become? ON (expressed) and other I am a cell with genes turned on to make proteins for CARRYING OXYGEN genes are turned OFF. AROUND THE BODY? RED BLOOD cells This is called GENE EXPRESSION Nerve Cells I use chemical messangers called neurotransmitter to send fast Nerve Cells messages around the body Red Blood Cells Sperm Cells Xylem Cells Phloem Cells Muscle Cells REMEMBER: all cells have the same DNA, but different jobs! The only difference are the GENES that are turned on or off in each cell – this determines their job! LOW HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW PROTEIN LOW PROTEIN HIGH NO HIGH to LOW YES LOW to HIGH Transport Reminders: 1. ALWAYS draw you box-circle model 2. When the molecules CANNOT move it is OSMOSIS – WATER moves high to low – Use the salt concentration. Subtract from 100% (inside and outside). The remaining amount is the water concentration. Move the water from the high concentration to the low concentration. 3. If water moves… – OUT = the cell will SHRINK or SHRIVEL – IN = the cell will SWELL or BURST 20% salt 80% water LOW (water) Water will move out of the cell and it will SHRINK 100% water 0% salt HIGH (water) 100% water HIGH (water) 0% salt Water will move into of the cell and it will SWELL 20% salt 80% water LOW (water) MAINTAINING BALANCE WITHIN AN ORGANISM Homeostasis… What does it mean? Maintaining internal BALANCE Explain why these are examples of HOMEOSTASIS: Shivering when Sweating when it’s hot it’s cold out out Insulin released by the pancreas Respiration Water balance in an organisms 70% water L 90% water H 90% water 90% water SHRINK EQUILLIBRIUM 98% water REMINDER: SOLUTE = substance in the water (salt, sugar, etc.) H 90% water L SWELL Real life application of osmosis… • What happens when you don’t water your plants… The VACUOLE loses water (water leaves the cell), so the cell SHRINKS or SHRIVELS, causing the plant to wilt and die. ENZYME ENZYME SUBSTRATE (reactant) ACTIVE SITE PRODUCTS ENZYMESUBSTRATE COMPLEX Enzyme Reminders: • • What do enzymes do? Speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy • What does a catalyst do? What does denatured mean? ENZYMES ARE CATALYSTS!!! Speed up reaction • How can you denature an enzyme? Temperature & pH Shapes changes – STOPS working Product 1 Enzyme-Substrate Complex Substrate/Reactant Enzyme Enzyme Enzyme Enzyme Product 2 PROTEINS THE SHAPE OF THE ACTIVE SITE YES – ENZYMES ARE REUSED FOR THE SAME SPECIFIC TYPE OF REACTIONS, UNLESS THE ACTIVE SITE IS DENATURED (the shape is changed). pH AND TEMPERATURE CAN DENATURE THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE ENZYME. IF THE ACTIVE SITE CHANGES SHAPE, THE ENZYME CAN NO LONGER PERFORM AT AN OPTIMAL LEVEL AND MAY STOP WORKING. ACID 3 9 BASE OPTIMAL pH Scale: Acidic = 0-6 (lots of H+) Basic = 8-14 (little H+) Neutral = 7 (water) SUN (energy) + CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) + WATER (H2O) OXYGEN (O2) + GLUCOSE (C6H12O6) CHLOROPLAST CO2 Carbon Dioxide CO2 Water H2 O SUN (energy) O2 Glucose C6 H12 O6 Oxygen O2 OXYGEN (O2) + GLUCOSE (C6H12O6) 36 ATP + CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) + WATER (H2O) MITOCHONDRIA Glucose C6 H12 O6 Oxygen O2 Carbon Dioxide CO2 Water H2 O ATP (energy) AEROBIC REPIRATION USES OXYGEN AND CREATES 36 ATP ANAEROBIC REPIRATION DOES NOT USE OXYGEN AND CREATES 2 ATP IN ANIMAL MUSCLE Remember: FERMENTATION is another name for ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN YEAST AND BACTERIA THE PRODUCTS ARE: 2 ATP, CARBON DIOXIDE, and ETHYL ALCOHOL SUN going IN WATER going IN OXYGEN being RELEASED PHOTOSYNTHESIS C T G G C T SUGAR GCU CUG Leu- 3 mRNA letters (nitrogen bases) Ala- Transcribe the following: DNA mRNA ATC GTA CCT GGA UAG CAU GGA CCU mRNA DNA UAG GGU CCA UAC ATC CCA GGT ATG DNA & Protein Synthesis What is the base pairing rules in DNA Replication? A – T and G - C Where in the cell does Replication take place? Nucleus What part of the Cell Cycle is DNA Replicated in? Interphase What is the role of hydrogen bonds in DNA Replication? Weak bond holding the DNA double helix together between A – T and G - C Where does TRANSCRIPTION take place? NUCLEUS Where does TRANSLATION take place? CYTOPLASM and RIBOSOME Nucleus TRANSCRIPTION mRNA Amino Acid Polypeptide Chain will start to form Cytoplasm tRNA Ribosome TRANSLATION Anticodon CODON RIBOSE DEOXYRIBOSE A, G, C, U A, G, C, T 1 (single helix) 2 (double helix) NUCLEUS & CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS DELIVERS GENETIC MESSAGES TO MAKE PROTEINS HOLDS GENETIC INFORMATION TO CODE FOR PROTEINS PEPTIDE BONDS TRANSCRIPTON TRANSLATION TRANSPORT DNA MESSAGE FROM NUCLEUS TO RIBOSOME STORES GENETIC INFORMATION FOR LIFE PROTEINS READ mRNA MESSAGE (anticodon) AND BRING CORRECT AMINO ACID TO THE RIBOSOME MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS IN BODY (health, repair, communication, digestion, speed up reactions) mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM RIBOSOME tRNA AMINO PROTEIN ACID TRUE EVERY CELL HAS THE SAME DNA, BUT A DIFFERENT JOB. THE DIFFERENT JOBS ARE DETERMINED BY THE GENES THAT ARE TURNED ON OR OFF IN A CELL. Mutations • Point Mutations – SUBSTITUTION – One amino acid changed AT MOST •Frameshift Mutations •INSERTION or DELETION – • Amino acid sequence is changed from point of mutation •Completely different protein formed!! •REMEMBER: DNA RNAPROTEIN ASEXUAL SEXUAL 2N = DIPLOID 2N = DIPLOID 2N = DIPLOID N = HAPLOID 1 2 2 4 50 chromosomes 25 chromosomes BEFORE CELL DIVISION BEFORE 1st CELL DIVISION NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES YES YES Name the Process… What is Process A? Meiosis What is Process B? Fertilization Diploid Haploid Meiosis Mitosis Meiosis Diploid Diploid Mitosis Fertilization Non-Disjunction What are gamete cells in a human? Sex cells – egg & sperm What are somatic cells in a human? Body cells – ex.: skin Which process makes somatic cells? Mitosis Which process makes gamete cells? Meiosis Crossing Over What is the DIPLOID symbol? 2n What is the DIPLOID What is the HAPLOID 46 (2 set of number in humans? What is the HAPLOID 23 (1 set of symbol? n chromosomes) number in humans? chromosomes) Which Type of Reproduction ASEXUAL (Binary Fission) ASEXUAL (Fregmentation) ASEXUAL (Mitosis) SEXUAL (Meiosis) This process creates IDENTICAL offspring ASEXUAL This process creates GENETIC VARIATION offspring SEXUAL ASEXUAL (Budding) MITOSIS MEIOSIS MEIOSIS BOTH! MITOSIS MITOSIS GROWTH REPAIR REPLACING DEAD OR WORN OUT CELLS INTERPHASE ANAPHASE (away) PROPHASE (first) TELOPHASE (2 new cells) MEIOSIS METAPHASE (middle) Interphase= DNA Replication B Prophase = chromosomes form; nucleus breaks down; spindle fibers appear E Metaphase = chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell A Anaphase = chromosomes pulled apart by spindle fibers D Telophase= nucleus reforms; cytoplasm divides; 2 new cells GAMETE (egg) FERTILIZATION ZYGOTE (1st MEIOSIS C GAMETE (sperm) diploid cell) MITOSIS EMBRYO ADULT Phenotype = Tall Genotype = _____ TT 1 (25%) Tt tt _____ ______ 2 (50%) 1 (25%) SHORT TALL Phenotype = _________ _________ 1:2:1 3:1 1. Nutrition and health 2. Environment may favor tall trait = trees (food) may grow taller favoring tall organism. Tall would be able to eat, survive and reproduce. Short ones would die off. 3 (75%) 1 (25%) 100% PINK FLOWERS Genotype = _____ RR 0 (0%) 100% RR’ Genotypes: RR= RED 0 (0%) 4 (100%) PINK WHITE Phenotype = ______ RED _______ _______ 0 (0%) Phenotypes: RED, WHITE, PINK RR’ _____ ______ R’R’ 4 (100%) R R R’ RR’ RR’ R’ RR’ RR’ RR’= PINK R’R’= WHITE Parents: R’R’ ______ RR x _______ 0 (0%) 25% RED; 50% PINK; 25% WHITE 25% RR; 50% RR’; 25% R’R’ R R’ R RR R’ R R’ R R’ R’ R’ Parents: ______ RR’ x _______ RR’ Genotype = _____ RR 1 (25%) _____ RR’ ______ R’R’ 2 (50%) 1 (25%) Phenotype = ______ RED _______ PINK _______ WHITE 1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%) 100% Black-and-Tan offspring Genotype = BB _____ 100% BT BT _____ ______ TT 4 (100%) 0 (0%) Phenotype = _____ Black Black+Tan _____ 0 (0%) BB x TT Phenotypes: Black Black-and-Tan Tan Genotypes: BB = Black BT = Black + Tan TT = Tan Parents: _______ BB x _______ TT 0 (0%) Tan ______ 4 (100%) 0 (0%) B B T B T B T T B T B T XY XX Sex-linked traits travel on the X-chromosome 25% chance of child with hemophilia (1 son) 0% chance of daughter with hemophilia 25% chance of daughter being a carrier Males only have 1 X – so they have it or they don’t Phenotype: Genotype: Female Healthy, carrier, Hemophilia (sick) XRXR = healthy female XRXr = carrier female XrXr = sick female Parents: ______ XRY XRXr x ______ Male H 1 C 0 1 1 1 0 XR XRY = healthy male XrY = sick male S Xr X R XR XR XR Xr Y Xr Y XR Y 25% change of child with Type O 0% change of child with homozygous Type A 25% change of child with Type AB Phenotype: Type A, B, AB, or O Genotype: Genotype: ____ AA Ao ____ BB ____ ____ Bo ____ AB ____ oo 0 (0%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) Phenotype: _______ Type A _______ Type B _______ Type AB _______ Type O 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) A Type A: AA or Ao Type B: BB or Bo B o AB Bo Type AB: AB Type O: oo What we know: Mom: Type A (AA or Ao) Dad: Type B (BB or Bo) Baby: Type O (oo) Parents: _____ Ao x Bo _____ o A o o o Phenotype: Type A, B, AB, or O What we know: Genotype: Baby: Type O (oo) Type A: AA or Ao Dad: 1. Type AB (AB) 2. Type A (AA or Ao) 3. Type O (oo) Type B: BB or Bo Type AB: AB Type O: oo Mom: Type A (AA or Ao) Narrowing it down: If the child is blood Type O, then both parents have to give an ‘o’ allele. This leaves means Mom has to be heterozygous Type A (Ao). Dad 3 could be the father because he is Type O (oo) and can give an ‘o’ allele. Dad 2 could be the father only if he is heterozygous Type A (Ao), because he must have an ‘o’ allele to give. Dad 1 could NOT be the father because he is blood Type AB (AB). He does not have an ‘o’ allele to give, so he cannot be the father of a child with Type O (oo) blood. SKIN COLOR, HAIR COLOR, EYE COLOR MULTIPLE ALLELES HAVE MORE THEN TWO ALLELES THAT CAN CODE FOR A DIFFERENT TRAITS, BUT ALL OF THE ALLELES ARE LOCATED ON THE SAME GENE. AN EXAMPLE OF MULTIPLE ALLELES ARE BLOOD TYPES (A, B, O). POLYGENIC TRAITS HAVE MORE THEN TWO ALLELES THAT CAN CODE FOR A DIFFERENT TRAITS, BUT THE ALLELES ARE LOCATED ON THE DIFFERNT GENES. THIS CREATES A VERY WIDE RANGE OF PHENOTYPES. EXAMPLES OF POLYGENIC TRAITS ARE HAIR COLOR, EYE COLOR, AND SKIN COLOR. AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE Autosomal = because there are an equal number of males and females affected. Recessive = because1) trait skips generations and 2) affected child has unaffected parents aa Aa A_ A_ Aa Aa aa Aa A_ A_ Aa aa Pedigree Reminders • If you don’t have it you can’t give it! – Healthy parents with sick child FEMALE - XX DOWN SYNDROME – 3 chromosomes on #21 NON-DISJUNCTION – chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis Karyotype What is the XY GENOTYPE of a healthy MALE? What is the XX GENOTYPE of a healthy FEMALE? Healthy Male Down Syndrome What is the XXY GENOTYPE of KLINEFLTERS Syndrome? What is the GENOTYPE of TURNER’S X_ or X0 Syndrome? Turners (female) Healthy Female What is the GENOTYPE 3 on 21 of DOWN Syndrome? What is the GENOTYPE of HEMAPHODITISM? XXXY Klinefelters (male) Read the Karyotype Down Symndrome (male) Turners (female) Klinefelters (male) Healthy Female Healthy Male AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH EFFORT TO DETERMINE THE SEQUENCE OF HUMAN GENOME (all DNA) AND IDENTIFY THE GENES IT CONTAINS. THE PRODUCTION OF MULTIPLE, IDENTICAL OFFSPRING USING BIOTECHNOLOGY. GEL ELECTROPHORESIS A & C – 4 out of 6 strands in common 2 in common with A 4 in common with A GENETIC ENGINEERING THE DESIRED GENE (insulin) IS CUT OUT USING RESTRICTION ENZYMES. THE DESIRED GENE (insulin) IS THEN GLUED INTO A BACTERIAL PLASMID (circuluar DNA) USING THE ENZYME LIGASE. THE PLASMID (now recombinant DNA with the bacterial host and desired gene) IS INSERTED BACK INTO THE BACTERIAL HOST. THE BACTERIAL WILL NOW PRODUCE COPIES OF THE DESIRED GENE EVERY TIME IT DIVIDES (using binary fission). So, the insulin gene is reproduced every time the bacteria divides. How is this technology used? …To create oil eating bacteria to help clean up oil spills …To create frost resistant plants so they can grow into the winter REMEMBER: purpose is to change the DNA code of bacteria. This alters DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis of the NEW DNA code DNA RNA PROTEIN …To create pest resistant plants (like Bt corn) to prevent insects from destroying crops …To create faster growing organisms, like salmon, to get full-sized organisms faster …To create treatments for genetic diseases, like Type I Diabetes (makes INSULIN!!!) FOSSILS ARE USED TO COMPARE AGE AND FEATURES TO HELP DETERMINE COMMON ANCESTRY COMPARING DNA, AMINO ACIDS, AND PROTEIN SEQUENCES TO DETERMINE COMMON ANCESTRY. FEWER DIFFERENCE MEANS A CLOSER COMMON ANCESTOR. VARIATION IS NECESSARY FOR EVOLUTION. THERE MUST BE DIFFERENCES AMONG ORGANISMS IN ORDER FOR THERE TO BE COMPETITION. COMPETITION CREATES NATURAL SELECTION – THOSE WITH THE MOST FAVORABLE TRAITS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE. GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION CREATES A PHYSICAL DIVIDE BETWEEN ORGANISMS. NATURAL PHYSICAL BARRIERS INCLUDE MOUNTAINS, LAKES, RIVERS, OCEANS AND ISLANDS. THE PHYSICAL SEPARATION MEANS THE ENVIRONMENTS ARE DIFFERENT. THE DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS WILL SELECT DIFFERENT TRAITS AS BEING BETTER FIT FOR THE SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT. SO, OVER TIME THE MOST SUCCESSFUL ORGANISMS WILL DIFFER IN APPEARANCE BASED UPON THE ENVIRONMENT THEY ARE IN. THE SPECIES ARE ALSO NO LONGER MATING, DUE TO THE PHYSICAL SEPARATION. OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME THE SPECIES ARE NO LONGER ABLE TO REPRODUCE WITH ONE ANOTHER TO PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING. THIS CREATE A NEW SPECIES – SPECIATION. THE ENVIRONMENT PLAYS A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN EVOLUTION. THE ENVIRONMENT SELECTS WHICH TRAITS AND ADAPTATION ARE BENEFITIAL TO AN ORGANISM. THE ORGANISM WITH THE DESIRABLE TRAITS SURVIVE AND PASS ON THEIR GENES. Evolution of Cells Quick Check What are the main differences between AUTOTROPHS and HETEROTROPHS? What are the main differences between PROKARYOTICand EUKARYOTIC cells? What are the main differences between AEROBIC andANAEROBIC respiration? What gas was lacking from Early Earth’s atmosphere? Make food Simple Aerobic: Uses OXYGEN OXYGEN Find and Collect food Complex Anaerobic: does NOT use OXYGEN EVOLUTION OF CELLS… No OXYGEN, which means NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS, which means organisms found food and did NOT make it Anaerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryotic Cells SUN, WATER & CARBON DIOXIDE available on early earth – the organisms use these to begin doing PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthetic Prokaryotic Cells PHOTOSYNTHESIS creates OXYGEN – this allows heterotrophic organisms to make MORE ATP than with no Oxygen… Aerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryotic Cells Aerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryote (mitochondria) & Photosynthetic Prokaryote (chloroplast) form a partnership… (EndosymbioticTheory) Eukaryotic Cells ABIOGENESIS = LIFE COMES FROM NON-LIVING THINGS BIOGENESIS = LIFE COMES FROM OTHER LIVING THINGS REDI PASTEUR Miller and Urey performed The experiment to the left. Describe their experiment. Created a lab experiment to mimic the atmosphere of early earth What organic molecules formed? Amino Acids VARIATION Most with SHORTER necks (Differences among members of the species) Occasionally some with LONGER necks COMPETITION (More organisms than resources. Must compete for food, shelter and mates) NATURAL SELECTION (Those with the best traits and adaptations for the environment are able to survive and reproduce.) LONGER neck = easier time getting food Food = survival LONG NECK = BETTER TRAIT LONG Neck giraffes more successful in obtaining food and mates LONG neck gene is passed on because it is the more successful trait Future generations look more and more like the successful traits – LONG NECK giraffes Isolation Leads to a new species… GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION Geographic Isolation can physically separate organisms, but they need to stop reproducing to create new organisms. The different environments can create different cultures among the organisms. Let’s say an island was created, creating geographic isolation between a species of fruit flies. The island support different fruit than the mainland (mangos vs. bananas) This difference in fruit led to difference food preferences for the fruit flies on the mainland vs. the island. REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION Let’s say the fruit flies mate by hanging out near their fruit of preference. Over time the island flies would mate near bananas and the mainland flies would mate near mangos. The mainland flies and island flies would stop mating because of the mating culture around their preferred food. Gene flow (sharing genes) between the two groups of fruit flies would stop, until their genes were so different they could no longer reproduce together. Thus, forming a NEW SPECIES of fruit flies. Mechanisms of Evolution Quick Check What is a species? Mate and have fertile offspring What is Geographic isolation? Physically divides species What does Geographic isolation lead to? Species can no longer mate – creates new species The ocean – different Islands Beak shape changed, due to the different food sources on each island •The finches were physically separated •The environments were different •This means the best adaptations differed by island •Over time the populations began to look like the best adapted. Antibiotic and Pesticide Resistance Just to make sure… ORGANISMS DO NOT CHOOSE SUCCESSFUL TRAITS!!!! THE ENVIRONMENT SELECTS WHICH TRAITS BENEFIT THE ORGANISM FOR THE ENVIRONMENT THEY ARE IN! KING KINGDOM PHILIP PHYLUM CAME CLASS OVER ORDER FOR FAMILY GOOD GENUS SOUP SPECIES USED FOR SCIENTIFIC NAMING: Genus species SCIENTIFIC NAMING USED UNDERSTOOD BY ALL SCIENTIST ACROSS THE WORLD. TO NAME: GENUS = FIRST NAME (capitalize first letter) SPECIES = LAST NAME (all lowercase) EXAMPLE: Homo sapien GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME = HUMAN Biochemical Evidence: comparing the DNA, Amino Acids and Proteins of organisms The FEWER the differences, the closer the COMMON ANCESTOR Embryology Evidence: comparing the development of an embryo of different organisms The FEWER the differences in development, the closer the COMMON ANCESTOR Evidence for Evolution Quick Check How are fossils used as Comparing location found evidence for and anatomical features evolution? What is the difference between Relative = comparative age relative and absolute dating? Absolute = exact age Which organism in the diagram is L – deepest level the OLDEST? Why? What the the difference between Homologous = Homologous Structure and same structure, Vestigial Structures? different function Vestigial = structures with no current function in organism What is embryology? Comparing embryo development for similarities How is embryology used as evidence for evolution Similarities in development links to common ancestry What is biochemical evidence? Compare: DNA, Amino Acid, Protein Fewer differences = closer common ancestor AMINO ACID HUMANS AND CHIMPANZEES Most AMINO ACIDS IN COMMON HORSE – MOST AMINO ACIDS IN COMMON Birds & Crocodiles, Lizards & Snakes, Salamanders & Frogs Lungfish Lizards, snakes, crocodiles & birds NO YES YES YES Free-floating in cytoplasm Smaller, older, simpler DNA in nucleus Larger, younger, complex Prokaryotic SINGLE Asexual BOTH Anaerobic Cell Wall Prokaryotic SINGLE Asexual BOTH Anaerobic Cell Wall Eukaryotic SINGLE Asexual BOTH Anaerobic Mixed Eukaryotic BOTH Sexual Eukaryotic Eukaryotic MULTI MULTI Sexual Sexual Hetero- Auto- Hetero- Aerobic Aerobic Aerobic Cell Wall NO Cell Wall Cell Wall Protists Fungi & Animal Plant Animal Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals Protists& Plants Fungi Fungi, Plants, Animals Protista Fungi Dichotomous Quick Check EAGLE JOCANA COMMORANT KINGFISHER GEOSPIZA PLATYSPIZA CERTHIDEA CAMARHYNCHUS Cladograms Quick Check MOUSE and CHIMP Salamander, Lizard, Pigeon, Mouse, Chimp Pigeon Hagfish Phylogenic Trees Quick Review A D, E and F They are the closest together on the same branch PASSIVE Get from mother through Breastfeeding Do NOT need to come into contact with antigen to build antibodies ACTIVE Must come into contact with antigen/pathogen to start immune response to build antibodies Body remembers and stores antibodies for use if it come into contact with same antigen in the future Vaccines help build Active Immunity • Vaccines give a person the inactive form of a virus. • The body reacts by kicking off immune response and releasing antibodies to fight the antigen in the vaccine • The body remembers and stores the antibodies made • These antibodies are used if the person comes into contact with the active form of the virus And fight it off faster B (Habituation) C (Conditioning) A (Habituation) F (Instinct) G (Phototaxis) F (Instinct) D (Imprinting) POPULATION LOGISTIC EXPONENTIAL YES NO YES NO NO YES COMMUNITY ECOSYSTEM Blossoms, Nuts, Oak Bark, Leaves Bees, Deer, Mice, Rabbit, Insects Bear, Wolf, Red Fox, Toad, Bird Bear, Skunk, Red Fox, Wolf Increase Population: Bark, Leaves, Blossoms Decrease Population: Toads, Birds, Skunk, Red Fox BEAR ENERGY LOST AS HEAT!!!!! WOLF RABBIT OAK OAK BEAR OAK BEAR Energy DECREASES as it moves UP the food pyramid GAINS 10% energy to next level – LOSES 90% energy to next level SUN DECOMPOSERS – eat dead and decaying matter. They return nutrients to the ecosystem • Technological advances in medicine, nutrition and sanitation • Increased pollution • Increased Habitat destruction • Harms plants and aquatic ecosystems • Increased acidity level of water • No natural predators • Uncontrolled population growth •Take over resources and harm native populations • Pesticide and toxin use • Toxins build as they move up the food chain • Harms top consumers the most • Only natural way to remove CO2 (photosynthesis!!) • Oxygen level decreases • CO2 increases • CFC chemical eating away at the ozone layer • Allows harms radiation from the sun to enter our layer of the atmosphere Kudzu • Native to Japan and brought to the US to help stabilize hillsides and minimize erosion • NO natural predators • Grow up to 1 foot per day! Bermese Pythons: Bought as pets and released into the everglades NO natural predators Eating the small animals Lion Fish Bought over as pet by people in FL and released into wild NO natural predators Venemous, fast reproducing, aggressive fish Eat almost ANYTHING Dutch Elm Disease Fungus that spread to North America on crates made of Elm Wood Spreads by insects or root-to-root Kills the trees Breathing (respiration), burning fossil fuels Autotrophs through PHOTOSYNTHESIS Human Overpopulation OZONE WARMING Plants What is Vascular Stem tissue – Tissue? Xylem & Phloem What type is more Vascular: evolutionarily advanced – 1) attract organisms with Vascular or Non-Vascular leaves, seeds, fruit, plants? flowers 2) have stems (vascular tissue) to move water/food around plant REMEMBER: ANGI likes apples GYMI likes pinecones NO YES YES YES NO NO YES YES YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES