Download What type of volcano?

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• YOU WILL NEED A NOTEBOOK THAT
WILL BE FOR SCIENCE ONLY
• In your new notebook you will keep all
your notes, worksheets so forth.
• You will date each day’s work and use
the same sheet of paper for all that
days work.
4
• In your new notebook you will keep all
your notes, worksheets so forth.
• Notes will be checked and worksheets will
be checked.
• You will date each day’s work and use the
same sheet of paper for all that days work.
• Your notebook will be a notebook grade
which will be worth 30% of your grade.
• Failure to keep up with your notes will hurt
your grade.
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• Notes and worksheets will be checked.
• Your notebook will be a notebook grade
which will be worth 30% of your grade.
• Failure to keep up with your notes will
hurt your grade
6
The World of Earth Science
• Section 1: Branches of Earth Science
• Section 2: Scientific Methods in Earth
Science
• Section 3: Scientific Models
• Section 4: Measurement and Safety
7
WHILE YOU READ ANSWER..
• What are the four major branches of Earth science?
• What are some special branches of Earth science?
• What are the steps used in scientific methods?
• How is a hypothesis tested?
• Why do scientists share their findings with others?
• How do scientists use models?
• What are three kinds of scientific models?
• What is the SI?
• How do scientists measure length, area, mass, volume,
and temperature?
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9
STANDARDS
• S6CS1.a Understand the importance of—and keep—honest, clear,
and
• accurate records in science.
• S6CS1.b Understand that hypotheses are valuable if they lead to
fruitful
• investigations, even if the hypotheses turn out not to be completely
accurate
• descriptions.
• S6CS3.d Draw conclusions based on analyzed data.
• S6CS5.b Identify several different models (such as physical
replicas,
• pictures, and analogies) that could be used to represent the same
thing, and
• evaluate their usefulness, taking into account such things as the
model’s
• purpose and complexity.
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STANDARDS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
S6CS7.b Recognize that there may be more than one way to interpret a
given set of findings.
S6CS8.c As prevailing theories are challenged by new information,
scientific
knowledge may change and grow
S6CS9.a Scientific investigations are conducted for different reasons.
They
usually involve collecting evidence, reasoning, devising hypotheses, and
formulating explanations.
S6CS9.c Accurate record keeping, data sharing, and replication of results
are essential for maintaining an investigator’s credibility with other
scientists
and society.
S6CS9.d Scientists use technology and mathematics to enhance the
process of scientific inquiry.
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In your notebook dated today:
1. Read the following scenes
2. Number and copy the highlighted data
3. Then write what kind of Earth scientist is
described in each scene.
Be as specific as possible.
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Scene 1
In the desert of New Mexico, a
woman studies the stars
every night and records her
observations. She notices a
speck of light in the “Square
Constellation” that she has
never noticed before.
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Scene 2
A university professor is at Point
Reyes National Seashore in
California. He is measuring
the depth of the tidal pools.
As the day passes, the tidal
pools get deeper.
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Scene 3
It is winter in Kalamazoo,
Michigan. A reporter on TV is
pointing to a satellite weather
map. He predicts snow flurries
across southern Michigan for
the next two days.
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Scene 4
It is a cloudy day in the state of
Washington. An experienced
scientist is observing Lava
Canyon on the volcano, Mount St.
Helens. She notices that all the
trees on the canyon floor are
missing limbs near their bases.
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Match the branch of
science with its
description.
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1.
The study of the universe
2.
A scientist who studies fossils
3.
The study of the surface features of the Earth
4. The study of the Earth’s atmosphere in relation to weather and
climate
5. The study of the sea
6. The study of how humans interact with the environment
7. A scientist who studies earthquakes
8. A branch of Earth science that combines the studies of geology and
chemistry
9. The study of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth
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1.
The study of the universe
2.
A scientist who studies fossils
Astronomy
Paleontologist
3. The study of the surface features of the Earth physical geography
4. The study of the Earth’s atmosphere in relation to weather and
climate Meteorology
5. The study of the sea Oceanography
6. The study of how humans interact with the environment
environmental science
7. A scientist who studies earthquakes Seismologist
8. A branch of Earth science that combines the studies of geology and
chemistry Geochemistry
9. The study of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth Geology
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22
Write the question and
the answer for each of
the following
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1. A possible explanation or answer to a question is
a
a.
b.
c.
d.
fact.
law.
synopsis.
hypothesis
2. A series of steps scientists follow to solve problems
are
a.
b.
c.
d.
scientific methods.
experiment guidelines.
investigation methods.
standard procedures.
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3. Scientists may do a controlled experiment
to
a. ask a question.
b. test a hypothesis.
c. communicate results.
d. simplify data.
4. Scientists begin to learn about the natural
world by
a. summarizing research.
b. accepting investigation results.
c. forming expectations.
d. asking questions.
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5. Communicating the results of an
investigation allows other scientists to
a.
b.
c.
d.
prove evidence.
change results
focus an investigation.
review evidence.
6. After analyzing results of their tests,
scientists
a. measure their evidence.
b. immediately begin new investigations.
c. form a new hypothesis.
d. draw conclusions.
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7. An investigation may continue after
results are accepted if there is
a.
b.
c.
d.
new evidence.
outdated evidence.
a repeated question.
a closed case.
8. What order do the steps of a scientific
method follow?
a. alphabetical order
b. chronological order
c. numerical order
d. They do not follow a set order.
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9. A controlled experiment tests
a. many variables at once.
b. one variable at a time.
c. complex data.
d. conflicting data.
10. Scientists form a hypothesis when they
a. prove a theory.
b. analyze data.
c. investigate a question.
d. change data
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1. a pattern, plan, representation, or description designed to
help us understand the natural world
2. a model made up of a system of ideas
3. a model that can be touched and looks and acts like the
real thing
4. a model made up of mathematical equations and data
5. an explanation that ties together many hypotheses and
observations
a. physical model
b. theory
c. mathematical model
d. model
e. conceptual model
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6. Which of the following is NOT a way that models
can be used in
science?
a. to replace real things in the natural world
b. to explain or analyze something in detail
c. to help explain theories
d. to help us understand the natural world
7. What model is used to show objects that are too
small or too large to see completely?
a.
b.
c.
d.
a physical model
a mathematical model
a conceptual modeld
a climate model
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8. A climate model is an example of a
a. physical model.
b. mathematical model.
c. conceptual model.
d. global model.
9. The data in a climate model has
a. a large margin of error.
b. a small margin of error
c. few variables.
d. many variables.
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10. To learn from a model, a scientist must
a.
b.
c.
measure the model.
choose the right model.
visualize the model.
d. take apart the model.
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1. the distance north or south from the equator
2. a representation of the earth’s surface
3. north, south, east, and west
4. the line of longitude used as the origin in a
system of coordinates
5. the distance east and west from the prime
meridian
6. the direction to the geographic North Pole
7. a fixed place from which direction and
location can be described
a. prime meridian
b. true north
c. latitude
d. longitude
e. map
f. reference point
g. cardinal directions 35
8. Which of the following places would NOT be
useful as a reference point?
a.
b.
c.
d.
123 Elm Street
Boise, Idaho
the mountains
Johnny’s Country Store
9. What is magnetic declination?
a. the distance from the equator
b. the difference between the magnetic north and the true
north
c. the same as 90º latitude
d. when the needle of a compass points north
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10. The prime meridian runs through which city?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Greenwich, England
New York City, NY
New Delhi, India
Rome, Italy
11. Which of the following is a good example of a cylindrical
projection?
a. a globe
b.
c.
d.
a Mercator projection
an equal-area map
a compass rose
37
1. a method that sends energy waves from
a satellite to observe the Earth’s surface
2. a system of orbiting satellites used to
pinpoint a location on Earth
3. a map made by moving the surface
features of the globe onto a plane
4. a way to collect information about a
place without being there
5. shows where true north is on a map
6. a map made by moving the surface
azimuthal projection
features of the globe onto a cone a.
b. radar
c. conic projection
d. compass rose
e. remote sensing
f. GPS
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7. Which of the following methods would be the best to use to map areas
near the equator?
a. cylindrical projection
b. azimuthal projection
c. distortion
d. conic projection
8. Which of the following is NOT a method of remote sensing?
a. determining your distance from Chicago using GPS
b. measuring the depth of the ocean by using sound waves from a ship
c. measuring the length of a trail by hiking on it
d. using a satellite to photograph a city
9. Which area of land would be the most distorted on a flat map?
a. a town
b. a continent
c. a small island
d. a city park
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15x26
1. How long is the perimeter of the picnic area?
2. What is the total area of the picnic area?
3. How much area in the part has grass?
4. Estimate the area covered by the fountain not
including the rectangular pool
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43
The Burnside family vegetable garden
measures 4 m 3.5 m.
A garden planning guide suggests mixing
fertilizer with the soil to a depth of 25 cm.
In cubic meters, what will be the total
volume of fertilizer-soil mix in the garden?
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Lock B, which is the same width as
Lock A, is 1.5 times as long and has
a volume of 4488 m3. How deep is
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Lock B?
Estimate the area covered by the fountain, not including the rectangular pool.
Area of fountain total area of the pool visible area of the pool 54 m2 - 32 m2 about
20 m2
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1. shows the surface features of the Earth
2. the height of an object above sea level
3. the difference in elevation between contour
lines
4. variations in elevation of a land surface
5. a darker contour line, usually every fifth line
6. a summary of the symbols used on a map
a. relief
b. legend
c. elevation
d. topographic map
e. contour interval
f. index contour
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Chapter 3: Minerals of the Earth’s
Crust
• Section 1: What Is a Mineral?
• Section 2: Identifying Minerals
• Section 3: The Formation, Mining, and
Use of Minerals
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50
51
• What are minerals?
• What determines the shape of a mineral?
• What are two main groups of minerals?
• What seven properties can be used to identify a
mineral?
• What are some special properties of minerals?
• How do minerals form?
• How are mineral resources used?
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53
a.silicate mineral
b. Crystal
c. Element
d. Compound
e. nonsilicate mineral
f. mineral
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1. a solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are
arranged in a definite pattern
2. a mineral that does not contain compounds of
silicon and oxygen
3. a mineral that contains a combination of silicon,
oxygen, and other elements
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4. a substance that cannot be separated or broken
down into simpler substances by chemical
means
5. a naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a
definite crystalline structure
6. a substance made up of atoms of two or more
different elements joined by chemical bonds
56
Which of the following is NOT a
characteristic of a mineral?
a. It is formed in nature.
b. It is a living material.
c. It has a crystalline structure.
d. It is a solid.
57
1. the appearance of a mineral that can vary according to
the impurities in that mineral as well as other factors
2. the splitting of a mineral along smooth, flat surfaces
3. the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of
the substance
4. a measure of the ability of a mineral to resist scratching
5. characteristics that are particular to only a few types of
minerals
6. the color of the powder of a mineral
7. the way in which a mineral reflects light
8. the breaking of a mineral along either curved or irregular
surfaces
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1. solid mixture of one or more minerals and
organic matter
2. process by which new rock forms from old rock
3. process by which sediment is removed from its
source
4. process by which sediment is dropped and
comes to rest
5. the chemical makeup of a rock
6. size, shape, and position of grains that make up
a rock
a. composition
b. rock
c. erosion
d. texture
e. rock cycle
f. deposition
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7. Which of the following rocks is not normally used as a
construction material?
a. marble b. halite c. limestone d. granite
8. The process in which water, wind, ice, and heat break
down rock is called
a. uplift. b. intrusion. c. recrystallization. d. weathering.
9. What forms when rock partially or completely melts?
a. limestone b. reefs c. ripple marks d. magma
10. Scientists classify rocks
a. by composition and texture. b. by volume. c. by mass.
d. by color and size.
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Dear Doug,
Well I’ve finally decided to open a jewelry store! As
you know, I’ve always been interested in
precious stones and gems. I recently learned
that many rare gems, such as rubies, are
created in a laboratory environment. In fact,
these synthetic gems are created by duplicating
the effects of nature, but at a much faster rate.
Artificial gems are usually not as valuable as
naturally occurring gems, but they aren’t
considered fakes either.
Before I start selling synthetic gems, I’d like to
know more about the formation of natural and
synthetic rocks. Because you are a certified
gemologist, I thought you could help by
answering the attached questions.
Rob Dobbs
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1. Most gemstones are metamorphic minerals.
What conditions would the laboratory need to
duplicate to create synthetic gems?
2. Metamorphic rocks are formed at various
depths in the Earth. Why would the depth at
which a rock forms determine its type?
3. Explain why metamorphic rock will form neither
synthetically nor naturally if the temperature is
too high.
4. Explain how a diamond in a jewelry store could
contain the carbon from a prehistoric animal.
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It can be distinguished by
its layers It comes in
three main categories,
clastic, chemical, and
organic.
Its origin is usually layers
of Sediment
What is it?
It is a result of change in
the structure, texture, or
composition of a rock.
It comes in two textures,
foliated and nonfoliated.
Its origin is intense heat
and pressure.
What is it?
64
What kind of rocks form
when magma cools
beneath the Earth’s
surface?
clastic,chemical, or
organic
__________rocks form the
remains of organisms.
__________rocks form
when rock or mineral
fragments stick together.
__________rocks form from
solutions of minerals and
water
What kind of rocks form
when
Magma cools on the
Earth’s surface?
foliated or nonfoliated.
In rock,__________ the
mineral grains are
aligned, but in
__________rock, they
are not aligned.
65
SUBSURFACE MINING
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67
68
Chapter 4: Rocks: Mineral Mixtures
•
•
•
•
Section 1: The Rock Cycle
Section 2: Igneous Rock
Section 3: Sedimentary Rock
Section 4: Metamorphic Rock
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70
WHILE YOU READ ANSWER..
• What is a rock?
• How are rocks classified?
• What does the texture of a rock reveal about how it was formed?
• How do igneous rocks form?
• What factors affect the texture of igneous rock?
• How do sedimentary rocks form?
• How do geologists classify sedimentary rocks?
• What are some sedimentary structures?
• How do metamorphic rocks form?
• How do geologists classify metamorphic rocks?
• • What are fossils?
• • How do fossils form?
• • What can fossils tell us about the history of life on Earth?
71
STANDARDS
• S6E5.b Investigate the composition of
rocks in terms of minerals.
• S6E5.c Describe processes that change
rocks and the surface of Earth.
72
Find two
paths through the rock cycle
that lead from sedimentary
rock to igneous rock. Use
a colored pen or marker to
trace both paths on the fi gure.
73
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
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strata layers of rock (singular, stratum)
stratification the process in which
sedimentary
rocks are arranged in layers
foliated describes the texture of metamorphic
rock in which the mineral grains are arranged
in planes or bands
nonfoliated describes the texture of metamorphic
rock in which the mineral grains are not arranged
in planes or bands
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geologic column an ordered arrangement of
rock layers that is based on the relative ages of
the rocks and in which the oldest rocks are at
the bottom
relative dating any method of determining
whether an event or object is older or younger
than other events or objects
superposition a principle that states that
younger rocks lie above older rocks if the
layers have not been disturbed
unconformity a break in the geologic record
created when rock layers are eroded or when
sediment is not deposited for a long period of
time
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Chapter 6: The Rock and Fossil
Record
• Section 1: Earth’s Story and Those Who
First Listened
• Section 2: Relative Dating: Which Came
First?
• Section 3: Absolute Dating: A Measure of
Time
• Section 4: Looking at Fossils
• Section 5: Time Marches On
78
WHILE YOU READ ANSWER..
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• How fast do changes on Earth happen?
• What is paleontology?
• What is relative dating?
• How can rock layers be disturbed?
• How can geologists learn the exact age of a
rock?
• What is radiometric dating?
• How do geologists measure time?
• How has life changed during Earth’s history?
• What can cause a mass extinction?
79
STANDARDS
• S6E5.f Describe how fossils show
evidence of the changing surface and
• climate of Earth.
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81
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catastrophism a principle that states that geologic
change occurs suddenly
paleontology the scientific study of fossils
uniformitarianism a principle that geologic
processes that occurred in the past can be
explained by current geologic processes
absolute dating any method of measuring the
age of an event or object in years
half-life the time required for half of a sample
of a radioactive isotope to break down by
radioactive decay to form a daughter isotope
83
isotope an atom that has the same number of
protons (or the same atomic number) as other
atoms of the same element do but that has a
different number of neutrons (and thus a
different atomic mass)
radioactive decay the process in which a
radioactive isotope tends to break down into a
stable isotope of the same element or another
Element
radiometric dating a method of determining
the absolute age of an object by comparing the
relative percentages of a radioactive (parent)
isotope and a stable (daughter) isotope
84
cast a type of fossil that forms when sediments
fill in the cavity left by a decomposed organism
fossil the trace or remains of an organism that
lived long ago, most commonly preserved in
sedimentary rock
index fossil a fossil that is used to establish
the age of a rock layer because the fossil is
distinct, abundant, and widespread and the
species that formed that fossil existed for only
a short span of geologic time
mold a mark or cavity made in a sedimentary
surface by a shell or other body
trace fossil a fossilized mark that formed in
sedimentary rock by the movement of an
animal on or within soft sediment
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eon the largest division of geologic time
epoch a subdivision of geologic time that is longer
than an age but shorter than a period
era a unit of geologic time that includes two or
more periods
extinction the death of every member of a
Species
geologic time scale the standard method used
to divide the Earth’s long natural history into
manageable parts
period a unit of geologic time that is longer than
an epoch but shorter than an era
86
“The
Present Is the Key to the Past.”
This phrase was the cornerstone of the
uniformitarianist theory developed by geologist
James Hutton in the late 1700s.
Write a few sentences in your science otebook
about how studying the present could reveal the
story of Earth’s history. Use sketches to illustrate
processes that occurred millions of years ago that
you can still see today.
87
Arrange the following sentences in a
logical order to make a short story:
•I stood in the checkout line.
•I selected two apples.
•I walked home from the store.
•I gave the cashier money.
•I went to the store.
•The cashier gave me change.
•I was hungry.
Write your story in your science notebook.
88
1. the idea that geologic processes occurring now
are the same as those in the past
2. a scientist who published Principles of Geology
from 1830–1833
3. the idea that geologic change happens suddenly
4. a scientist who outlined uniformitarianism in
1788
5. a science that combines uniformitarianism and
catastrophism
a. uniformitarianism
6. the study of past life using fossil
b. catastrophism
c. paleontology
d. James Hutton
e. Charles Lyell
f. modern geology 89
7. According to uniformitarianism, how does
geologic change happen?
a.
b.
c.
d.
every few years
suddenly
gradually
after an earthquake
8. Which of the following events would be a
catastrophe?
a.
b.
c.
d.
an average rainfall
an asteroid hitting the earth
gradual erosion
deposition
90
9. What kind of scientist studies the history
of plants and animals?
a.
b.
c.
d.
a paleontologist
a botanist
a geologist
a chemist
10. What does a paleobotanist study?
a.
b.
c.
d.
vertebrate animals
invertebrate animals
fossilized insects
fossil plants
91
The idea of _________says that rock layers at the bottom
of a body of rock are older than layers at the top. Geologists
can use this idea to determine the relative age of different
rock layers
92
93
94
HALF
LIFE
95
96
97
The fossil on
the left is the
internal mold of
an ammonite.
It formed when
sediment filled
the ammonite’s
MOLD OR CAST? WHICH IS WHICH?
shell. On the
right is the
external mold of
the ammonite.
The shell later
dissolved.
98
99
1. process in which minerals replace tissues
2. trace or remains of an organism that lived long
ago, most commonly preserved in sedimentary
rock
3. mark or cavity made in a sedimentary surface
by a shell or other body
4. fossil from a specific time period
5. fossil formed by an animal’s movement
6. mold filled with sediment a. fossil
b. mineral replacement
c. trace fossil
d. mold
e. cast
f. index fossil
100
7. What is amber?
a. a hard shell
b. hardened tree sap
c. an insect’s body
d. wet, sticky tree sap
8. Which of the following is an example of mineral
replacement?
a. La Brea asphalt
b. a frozen mammoth
c. hardened tree sap
d. petrified wood
101
9. Which of the following is an example of a trace
fossil?
a. preserved footprints
b. mold and cast
c. hardened tree sap
d. a frozen mammoth
10.Which kind of temperatures will slow down an
organism’s decay?
a. warm temperatures in a wet climate
b. cool temperatures
c. freezing temperatures
d. hot temperatures
102
Do these statements describe relative or absolute
age?
1. She is my younger sister.
2. He is 12 years old.
Why do geologists use both absolute and relative
dating to interpret the past?
Why are both absolute and relative dating valid
methods for geologists and other earth scientists
to use?
103
1. largest division of geologic time
2. unit of geologic time that includes
two or more periods
3. third-largest division of geologic time
4. fourth-largest division of geologic time
5. death of a species
6. standard method that divides Earth’s
a. period
history into parts
b. eon
c. geologic time scale
d. extinction
e. era
104
f. epoch
7. Which era ended with the largest mass
extinction in Earth’s history?
a. Paleozoic
b. Mesozoic
c. Cenozoic
d. Jurassic
8. During which era did birds and small mammals
begin to evolve?
a. Paleozoic
b. Mesozoic
c. Cenozoic
d. Jurassic
105
9. Which era are we in now?
a. Paleozoic
b. Mesozoic
c. Cenozoic
d. Jurassic
10. What does the rock and fossil record
represent?
a. index fossils
b. geologic time
c. the Age of Reptiles
d. the Age of Mammals
106
Chapter 7: Plate Tectonics
•
•
•
•
Section 1: Inside the Earth
Section 2: Restless Continents
Section 3: The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Section 4: Deforming the Earth’s Crust
107
STANDARDS
• S6E5.a Compare and contrast Earth’s crust, mantle, and
core including
temperature, density, and composition.
• S6E5.c Describe processes that change rocks and the
surface of Earth.
• S6E5.d Recognize that lithospheric plates constantly
move and cause major
geological events on Earth’s surface.
• S6E5.e Explain the effects of physical processes (plate
tectonics, erosion,
• deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological
features including oceans
• (composition, currents, and tides).
108
WHILE YOU READ ANSWER..
• What are the layers inside Earth?
• How do scientists study Earth’s interior?
• What is continental drift?
• How are magnetic reversals related to sea-floor
spreading?
• What happens when rock is placed under stress?
• What are three kinds of faults?
• How do mountains form?
109
110
WHAT AM I?
I am part of the lithosphere, but I move
around on top of the asthenosphere. I am
a(n) ______________________.
WHERE ARE WE?
We journeyed to the center of the Earth, and
when we got there we discovered that the
core has two parts One part is liquid and is
called the ______________________ The
other part is dense and solid and is called
the ______________________
111
asthenosphere the soft layer of the mantle on
which the tectonic plates move
core the central part of the Earth below the
Mantle
crust the thin and solid outermost layer of the
Earth above the mantle
lithosphere the solid, outer layer of Earth that
consists of the crust and the rigid upper part
of the mantle
mantle the layer of rock between the Earth’s
crust and core
mesosphere the strong, lower part of the mantle
between the asthenosphere and the outer core
tectonic plates a block of lithosphere that
consists of the crust and the rigid, outermost
part of the mantle
112
continental drift the hypothesis that states that
the continents once formed a single landmass,
broke up, and drifted to their present locations
sea-floor spreading the process by which
new oceanic lithosphere (sea floor) forms as
magma rises to Earth’s surface and solidifies at
a mid-ocean ridge
convergent boundary the boundary between
tectonic plates that are colliding
divergent boundary the boundary between
two tectonic plates that are moving away from
each other
plate tectonics the theory that explains how
large pieces of the Earth’s outermost layer,
called tectonic plates, move and change shape
transform boundary the boundary between
tectonic plates that are sliding past each other
horizontally
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What fraction
of the thickness of the
thickest continental crust is
the thickness of the oceanic
crust? Give your answer as a
reduced fraction.
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1. the layer of rock that comprises 67% of Earth’s
mass
2. the layer of Earth made mostly of iron
3. the thin, solid outermost layer above the
mantle
4. the rigid layer made up of crust and upper
mantle
5. the layer made of solid rock that slowly flows
6. the lower part of the mantle a. asthenosphere
b. core
c. crust
d. mantle
e. lithosphere
f. mesosphere
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1. hypothesis that states that the continents
were once one large mass that broke apart
2. process that takes place at mid-ocean
ridges
3. part of molten rock at mid-ocean ridges
4. process of Earth’s magnetic poles changing
places
5. items that provide evidence that the
continents were once closer together
a. sea-floor spreading
b. continental drift
c. magnetic reversal
d. magnetic minerals
e. fossils
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What are they? What kinds?
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A super-fast chess computer can perform
200,000,000 calculations per second. How
many calculations can it perform in the 3
minutes it is allowed for each move?
3 minutes 60 seconds/minute 180 seconds;
200,000,000 calculations/second 180 seconds 36 → 36,000,000,000 calculations
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1. where two plates collide
2. where two plates are moving away from each
other
3. where two plates are moving horizontally past
each other
4. process of moving layers of rock by heating
and cooling
5. where denser oceanic lithosphere sinks
beneath continental lithosphere
6. where oceanic lithosphere slides downhill due
a. divergent boundary
to gravity
b. slab pull
c. convection
d. convergent boundary
e. transform boundary
f. ridge push
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1. stress at a divergent plate boundary
2. stress at a convergent plate boundary
3. upward-arching rock layer
4. downward-arching rock layer
5. hanging wall moves down relative to
footwall
6. hanging wall moves up relative to
a. uplift
footwall
b. subsidence
c. tension
7. sinking of rock layers
d. compression
e. normal fault
f. anticline
8. rising of rock layers
g. syncline
h. reverse fault
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1. the sudden return of elastically deformed rock to
its undeformed shape
2. seismic waves that cause particles of rock to
move in a side-to-side direction
3. seismic waves that cause particles of rock to
move in a back-and-forth motion
4. waves of energy that travel through Earth away
from an earthquake in all directions
5. the bending, tilting, and breaking of Earth’s crust;
the change in the shape of rock in response to
stress
6. the branch of Earth science devoted to
a. seismology
studying earthquakes
b. deformation
c. elastic rebound
d. seismic waves
e. P waves
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f. S waves
In a given year, how many earthquakes measure 6.0 or
greater?
In a given year, what percentage of earthquakes measure 3.0 or
greater are moderate?
Calculate the percentage of earthquakes that measure 5.0 or
greater that are classified as “major” and “great.”
134
The Richter scale is based on a mathematical system. Each
whole-number increase in magnitude on the Richter scale
represents an increase in measured amplitude by a factor of 10.
That means that an earthquake measuring 4.0 on the Richter
scale is 10 times as strong as an earthquake measuring 3.0.
The Richter scale is also used to estimate the relative energy
released by earthquakes. Each whole-number increase on the
Richter scale represents an increase in energy release by a
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factor of 32.
On December 16, 1920, an earthquake
measuring 8.6 on the Richter scale hit
Gansu, a province in China.
Twelve years later, an earthquake measuring
7.6 hit Gansu.
How much stronger was the 1920
earthquake?
How much more energy did the 1920
earthquake release compared with the
second earthquake?
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In 1906, an earthquake occurred in San
Francisco that measured 8.3 on the
Richter scale.
In 1994, an earthquake occurred in
Northridge, California, that measured 6.7
on the Richter scale.
1. How much stronger was the San
Francisco earthquake?
2. How much more energy did the San
Francisco earthquake release?
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1. instrument that records vibrations in the
ground and determines the location and
strength of an earthquake
2. tracing of earthquake motion that is created
by a seismograph
3. scale used to measure earthquake damage
4. point along a fault at which the first motion of
an earthquake occurs
5. point on Earth’s surface directly above an
earthquake’s starting point
6. scale used to measure earthquake strength
a. seismogram
b. epicenter
c. focus
d. seismograph
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e. Richter magnitude scale
f. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
1. measurement of how likely an area is to have damaging
earthquakes
2. hypothesis based on the idea that a major earthquake is more
likely to occur along the part of an active fault where no
earthquakes have occurred for a certain period of time
3. area along a fault where relatively few earthquakes have
occurred recently but where strong earthquakes have occurred
in the past
4. process of making older structures more earthquake resistant
5. something that helps keep water and gas lines from breaking in
an earthquake
6. something that acts as a shock absorber for a building during
an earthquake
7. a weight located at the bottom of a building to help offset
building movement
8. a weight placed in the roof of a building to counteract building
movement a. seismic gap
b. mass damper
c. earthquake hazard
d. flexible pipe
e. gap hypothesis
f. base isolator
g. active tendon system
h. retrofitting
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Chapter 8: Earthquakes
• Section 1: What Are Earthquakes?
• Section 2: Earthquake Measurement
• Section 3: Earthquakes and Society
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STANDARDS
• S6E5.c Describe processes that change rocks
and the surface of Earth.
• S6E5.d Recognize that lithospheric plates
constantly move and cause major
• geological events on Earth’s surface.
• S6E5.e Explain the effects of physical
processes (plate tectonics, erosion,
• deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on
geological features including oceans
• (composition, currents, and tides).
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WHILE YOU READ ANSWER..
• • Where do most earthquakes happen?
• • What makes an earthquake happen?
• • What are seismic waves?
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deformation the bending, tilting, and breaking
of the Earth’s crust; the change in the shape of
rock in response to stress
elastic rebound the sudden return of elastically
deformed rock to its undeformed shape
P wave a seismic wave that causes particles of
rock to move in a back-and-forth direction
S wave a seismic wave that causes particles of
rock to move in a side-to-side direction
seismic wave a wave of energy that travels
through the Earth, away from an earthquake in
all directions
seismology the study of earthquakes
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epicenter the point on Earth’s surface directly
above an earthquake’s starting point, or focus
focus the point along a fault at which the first
motion of an earthquake occurs
seismogram a tracing of earthquake motion that
is created by a seismograph
seismograph an instrument that records
vibrations
in the ground and determines the location
and strength of an earthquake
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1. molten rock underground
2. magma that flows on the Earth’s surface
3. dust-sized particles of hardened lava
4. magma that is blasted into the air and
hardens
5. vent on Earth’s surface through which
magma and gases are expelled
6. a crack or opening in the Earth’s crust
a. volcano
b. lava
c. magma
d. vent
e. ash
f. Pyroclastic material
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• Draw each volcano type and label it with
the type of volcano it is.
• Fill in the information about volcanoes
from the slide that is coming……
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Volcano information
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What type of volcano?
What’s this?
What’s this?
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What type of volcano?
Volcano information
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What’s this?
What’s this?
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What type of volcano?
Volcano information
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What’s this?
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Volcano information
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What type of volcano?
Shield volcano
has sides that slope gently
forms from repeated nonexplosive eruptions
is made entirely of runny lava
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What type of volcano?
Volcano information
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cinder cone volcano
consists entirely of pyroclastic materialis
Often found in clusters
erodes very quickly
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What type of volcano?
Volcano information
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
composite volcano
is also known as a stratovolcano
has a broad base and steep sides toward the top
is formed by explosive eruptions that are followed by lava outpourings
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A Variety of Volcanoes
There are three main types of volcanoes—
shield, cinder cone, and composite.
Determine which type of volcano is being
described by the phrases at left, and copy
each phrase with the appropriate picture
167
• is also known as a stratovolcano
• consists entirely of pyroclastic material
• has sides that slope gently
• is often found in clusters
• has a broad base and steep sides toward
the top
• forms from repeated nonexplosive
eruptions
• is made entirely of runny lava
• erodes very quickly
• is formed by explosive eruptions that are
followed by lava outpourings
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1. the grinding and wearing away of rock surfaces through the mechanical
action of other rock or sand particles
2. rain, sleet, or snow that contains a high concentration of acids
3. the process by which rocks break down as a result of chemical reactions
4. the breakdown of rock into smaller pieces by physical means
5. a chemical reaction in which an element, such as iron, combines with
oxygen to form an oxide
6. the process by which rock materials are broken down by the action of
physical or chemical processes
a. mechanical
weathering
b. oxidation
c. weathering
d. acid precipitation
e. abrasion
f. chemical weathering
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The autobiography of Grant Stone, the first rock to
learn to talk, has just been published.
Grant has had a really interesting life! Below are some
excerpts from Grant’s autobiography.
After you read each excerpt, decide if Grant is telling a
story about mechanical or chemical weathering, and circle
the appropriate word.
Then in the space provided, identify the cause of
weathering: abrasion, acids in living things, acid
precipitation, ice wedging, or oxidation.
Be careful; one term will be used twice.
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1. In my youth, I was part of a much larger rock on
the side of a mountain. In the summer, small trickles
of water would enter cracks in my surface; in the
winter, the water would freeze. The cracks grew
larger, until I eventually broke off the granite
outcropping.
chemical or mechanical?
2. As I fell off the mountain, I caused a rock slide.
There were hundreds of rocks, large and small,
rolling down the mountain. We were bumping into
each other and sliding all over. It was a regular rock
stampede!
chemical or mechanical?
177
3. I stopped at the base of the mountain, on top of
the pile of rocks. I spent many years there, and
gradually, a colony of lichen began to grow on my
side. They were easy to live with, but where the
lichen grew, my edges became less
sharp.
chemical or mechanical?
4. In one of my journeys, I met some rocks that
were a beautiful red color. They told me they were
made with a lot of iron, and the iron helped to
cause their red coloration.
chemical or mechanical?
178
5. It’s winter, the mountain had a much larger snowfall
than usual, and the spring was stormy, with lots of rain.
The rain and the snowmelt caused a flood, and I
found myself in the bottom of a river, being jostled
among more rocks and rubbed by silt.
chemical or mechanical?
6. Over time, that river changed course, and I was left
in the open. In recent decades, I’ve started to crumble
a little at the edges. I’m not sure what causes it, but I
think it has something to do with the rain—the rain
seems to do much more damage to me that it used to.
chemical or mechanical?
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1. A process by which softer, less weather-resistant rocks wear away and
leave harder, more weather-resistant rocks behind is called
a. differential weathering.
b. mechanical weathering.
c. chemical weathering.
d. ice wedging.
2. Small rocks weather more quickly than large rocks because their
surface area is
a. thinner.
b. larger.
c. smaller.
d. thicker.
3. The average weather condition in an area over a long period of time is
called
a. temperature.
b. climate.
c. weather.
d. humidity.
4. Chemical weathering is most rapid in areas that are
a. hot and dry.
b. warm and wet.
c. cold and dry.
d. cool and wet.
5. Which rocks are exposed to more wind, rain, and ice?
a. rocks at a lower elevation
b. rocks at a higher elevation
c. rocks in streams
d. rocks in a warm, humid climate
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1. a loose mixture of small mineral fragments,
organic material, water, and air that can
support the growth of vegetation
2. the layer of rock beneath the soil
3. soil that is blown or washed away from its
parent rock
4. the source of mineral fragments in the soil
a. Transported soil
b. bedrock
c. soil
d. parent rock
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Buying the Farm
Fed up with frantic New York City life, James Robert McCoy
(a.k.a. Jim Bob) has decided to buy a farm and move to the
country. However, he doesn’t know anything about soils. Help
Jim Bob sort through these classified ads:
1. Because the soil at Corn Hollow has supported nothing but
corn for five years, it should be perfectly suited for growing
more corn. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Explain your reasoning.
2. What can farmers do to ensure a good balance of soil nutrients
year after year?
184
Farm for Sale:
Corn Hollow
Located just outside
Lincoln, Nebraska, this
farm is a charmer.
Nothing but corn has been
planted here over the last
five years, so the land is
ready for more of it! Corn
Hollow has been plowed
and empty for over a year,
just waiting for you to
bring her back to life. A
perfect choice for the
inexperienced farmer!
Great Opportunity:
Stony Meadow Farms
This is a farm waiting to
happen! Special reduced
price! At first glance,
Stony Meadow may seem
like a huge block of stone,
but it’s really a farm-tobe!
The solid granite
foundation will weather
away and turn into fertile
soil in no time. Plus, there
are no pesky weeds or
bugs to annoy you! Act
fast on this one!
185
Desert Dreamland:
Sandy Acres
Sandy Acres can be yours
today! At a fraction of the
cost of “prime” farmland,
you can buy into the
biggest secret in
agriculture. The fields of
Sandy Acres, in the
Arizona desert, have
never been farmed! Just
think of all the nutrients
waiting to be tapped!
Plenty of sunshine, too!
All this soil needs is
water. Call today!
186
1. Because the soil at Corn Hollow has supported nothing but corn for five
years, it should be perfectly suited for growing more corn. Do you agree or
disagree with this statement? Explain your reasoning.
2. What can farmers do to ensure a good balance of soil nutrients year after
year?
3. Corn Hollow’s fields have been empty for over a year. What soil
problems might this cause?
4. What are the chances that Jim Bob would be able to farm on Stony
Meadow Farms within a year? Explain.
5. What characteristics of desert soil should Jim Bob be aware of? Explain.
6. Which farm would you recommend to Jim Bob? Explain.
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