Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets - U
... of the Earth as a whole. It controls the distribution of land and water on geologic time scales, and its influences range from the Earth’s climate system, cycles of glaciation, and biological evolution to the formation of mineral and hydrocarbon resources. Because mantle convection is the primary mec ...
... of the Earth as a whole. It controls the distribution of land and water on geologic time scales, and its influences range from the Earth’s climate system, cycles of glaciation, and biological evolution to the formation of mineral and hydrocarbon resources. Because mantle convection is the primary mec ...
physical, chemical, and chronological characteristics of
... [9] In the ocean basins the base of the oceanic lithosphere is marked by a strong decrease in Vs at depths generally less than 100 km beneath the crust. Similar low-velocity zones are seen under tectonically active continental regions, such as the Basin and Range, but available evidence indicates th ...
... [9] In the ocean basins the base of the oceanic lithosphere is marked by a strong decrease in Vs at depths generally less than 100 km beneath the crust. Similar low-velocity zones are seen under tectonically active continental regions, such as the Basin and Range, but available evidence indicates th ...
Workshop Report - Consortium for Ocean Leadership
... the internal structures, melt migration features, and layering was critical, brought together scientists of diverse backgrounds, and fostered multi-disciplinary approaches to mantle dynamics, mantle melting, melt migration and transport processes. The Conference was preceded by a two-day field trip ...
... the internal structures, melt migration features, and layering was critical, brought together scientists of diverse backgrounds, and fostered multi-disciplinary approaches to mantle dynamics, mantle melting, melt migration and transport processes. The Conference was preceded by a two-day field trip ...
The Upper Mantle Geoid: Implications for Continental Structure and
... (degree/order up to 2159) is shown in Figure 1a. This geoid is the height of the geoid above/below the chosen reference ellipsoid, so the polar flattening and equatorial bulge (ellipticity) of the geoid doesn’t show in (Figure 1a) because this field is the difference between a (near) ellipsoidal ge ...
... (degree/order up to 2159) is shown in Figure 1a. This geoid is the height of the geoid above/below the chosen reference ellipsoid, so the polar flattening and equatorial bulge (ellipticity) of the geoid doesn’t show in (Figure 1a) because this field is the difference between a (near) ellipsoidal ge ...
Ophiolite concept and its evolution
... sheeted dike complex as a result of seafloor spreading. Ophiolites were interpreted to have developed mainly at ancient mid-ocean ridges through this model. Geochemical studies of ophiolites challenged this view as early as the beginning of the 1970s and suggested the association of magma evolution ...
... sheeted dike complex as a result of seafloor spreading. Ophiolites were interpreted to have developed mainly at ancient mid-ocean ridges through this model. Geochemical studies of ophiolites challenged this view as early as the beginning of the 1970s and suggested the association of magma evolution ...
Anderson and Natland, 2005
... same data can be, and have been, used in support of other mechanisms, such as propagating fractures, membrane stresses, and sequential volcanic loading, they will likewise not be discussed. Age-progressive volcanism is not uniquely diagnostic of a plume. Clague and Dalrymple (1987, 1989), Koppers et ...
... same data can be, and have been, used in support of other mechanisms, such as propagating fractures, membrane stresses, and sequential volcanic loading, they will likewise not be discussed. Age-progressive volcanism is not uniquely diagnostic of a plume. Clague and Dalrymple (1987, 1989), Koppers et ...
Practice mdtrm
... 80. The smallest part of an element that still retains the element’s properties is a(n) ____________________. 81. A(n) ____________________ is an electrically neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. 82. A(n) ____________________ is a solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter t ...
... 80. The smallest part of an element that still retains the element’s properties is a(n) ____________________. 81. A(n) ____________________ is an electrically neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. 82. A(n) ____________________ is a solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter t ...
Full text PDF - Geochemical Perspectives
... manifest in variations in stable isotope ratios that could only have been produced at or near the surface of the Earth. In addition to a recycled component, many plumes also contain a quite primitive component, manifested primarily in their noble gas isotope ratios. The primitive component seems mo ...
... manifest in variations in stable isotope ratios that could only have been produced at or near the surface of the Earth. In addition to a recycled component, many plumes also contain a quite primitive component, manifested primarily in their noble gas isotope ratios. The primitive component seems mo ...
PDF (Chapter 23. The Upper Mantle)
... melts. depleted residues and recycled and delaminated materials . On major element plots (Chapter 15) the end-members are harzburgite and MORE, or eclogite. Picrites. komatiites and primitive mantle have intermediate compositions . On LIL and REE plots, the extreme compositions are kimberlites and D ...
... melts. depleted residues and recycled and delaminated materials . On major element plots (Chapter 15) the end-members are harzburgite and MORE, or eclogite. Picrites. komatiites and primitive mantle have intermediate compositions . On LIL and REE plots, the extreme compositions are kimberlites and D ...
Geology and Geophysics (GEOS)
... analysis and litho-, bio-, sequence, and chronostratigraphy in surface and subsurface examples. Emphasis in the laboratory on interpretation of depositional environments based on lithofacies, biofacies and sedimentary structures and correlation of stratigraphic sequences using surface and subsurface ...
... analysis and litho-, bio-, sequence, and chronostratigraphy in surface and subsurface examples. Emphasis in the laboratory on interpretation of depositional environments based on lithofacies, biofacies and sedimentary structures and correlation of stratigraphic sequences using surface and subsurface ...
Geological Society of America Bulletin
... Hess discussed in his 1962 paper that the main oceanic crustal layer (his layer 3) along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge was made largely of serpentinite (his Fig. 2, p. 603; Hess 1962), and that the seismic velocity of this layer would be highly variable, depending on the magnitude of serpentinization of th ...
... Hess discussed in his 1962 paper that the main oceanic crustal layer (his layer 3) along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge was made largely of serpentinite (his Fig. 2, p. 603; Hess 1962), and that the seismic velocity of this layer would be highly variable, depending on the magnitude of serpentinization of th ...
Garnet: Common Mineral, Uncommonly Useful
... grains (FIG. 1B). A dazzling green gemstone that might be garnet in the metamorphic rocks of the crust, including its use as a monitor of evolving metamorphic conditions mistaken for an emerald is really a garnet (FIG. 1D). That red woodworking sandpaper on the workbench and the and underlying tecto ...
... grains (FIG. 1B). A dazzling green gemstone that might be garnet in the metamorphic rocks of the crust, including its use as a monitor of evolving metamorphic conditions mistaken for an emerald is really a garnet (FIG. 1D). That red woodworking sandpaper on the workbench and the and underlying tecto ...
Composition, Formation, and Occurrence of Polymetallic Nodules
... as Co, Ce, and Te (Koschinsky and Hein 2003; Hein et al. 2013). Nodules from the Cook Islands EEZ are mainly of hydrogenetic origin and their element inventory is typical for hydrogenetic nodules (Table 2.1). Diagenetic nodules are characterized by Mn/Fe ratios >5 (Halbach et al. 1988) and are enric ...
... as Co, Ce, and Te (Koschinsky and Hein 2003; Hein et al. 2013). Nodules from the Cook Islands EEZ are mainly of hydrogenetic origin and their element inventory is typical for hydrogenetic nodules (Table 2.1). Diagenetic nodules are characterized by Mn/Fe ratios >5 (Halbach et al. 1988) and are enric ...
KENT C. CONDIE
... and graduate students in the Earth Sciences. The rapid accumulation of data on plate tectonics, mantle evolution, and the origin of continents in the last decade has necessitated continued updating of the course. The book is written for an advanced undergraduate or graduate student, and it assumes a ...
... and graduate students in the Earth Sciences. The rapid accumulation of data on plate tectonics, mantle evolution, and the origin of continents in the last decade has necessitated continued updating of the course. The book is written for an advanced undergraduate or graduate student, and it assumes a ...
u series disequilibria: insights into mantle melting and
... Ra, and 231Pa). The 2s precisions of 0.1– 2% can be obtained by mass spectrometer measurements of less than 2 hours duration, compared with 2 – 10% for much longer a spectrometry measurements, and sample size requirements for mass spectrometry are also significantly less than for a spectrometry (e.g ...
... Ra, and 231Pa). The 2s precisions of 0.1– 2% can be obtained by mass spectrometer measurements of less than 2 hours duration, compared with 2 – 10% for much longer a spectrometry measurements, and sample size requirements for mass spectrometry are also significantly less than for a spectrometry (e.g ...
Paper 3.2 Mb pdf - Miles F Osmaston
... this process. Although the subducting plate is not, in this context, actually bending, the term “downbend” is retained in this paper as descriptive of the shape carved into the hanging wall. From the outset this involves major departure from the view that the form of the subduction interface profile ...
... this process. Although the subducting plate is not, in this context, actually bending, the term “downbend” is retained in this paper as descriptive of the shape carved into the hanging wall. From the outset this involves major departure from the view that the form of the subduction interface profile ...
Earth`s heterogeneous mantle: A product of convection
... style of melting and melt mixing during melt extraction. Only then can we infer the distribution of heterogeneous source components, their size, mineralogical, chemical and isotopic composition, which is a prerequisite for understanding the origin of the various heterogeneous materials in the Earth' ...
... style of melting and melt mixing during melt extraction. Only then can we infer the distribution of heterogeneous source components, their size, mineralogical, chemical and isotopic composition, which is a prerequisite for understanding the origin of the various heterogeneous materials in the Earth' ...
Melting of the Uppermost Metasomatized Asthenosphere Triggered
... I N T RO D U C T I O N Transportation of aqueous fluids from subducting slabs is known to play an important role in the generation of arc volcanism (Gill, 1981; Tatsumi et al., 1983; Stolper & Newman, 1994). Relative enrichment of fluid-mobile elements, such as large ion lithophile elements (LILE) a ...
... I N T RO D U C T I O N Transportation of aqueous fluids from subducting slabs is known to play an important role in the generation of arc volcanism (Gill, 1981; Tatsumi et al., 1983; Stolper & Newman, 1994). Relative enrichment of fluid-mobile elements, such as large ion lithophile elements (LILE) a ...
accepted manuscript
... (e.g., Spear, 1993), the HP/UHP rocks can be regarded as passive markers of continental subduction and their P-T-t paths can be used for reconstruction of subduction dynamics and of the conditions at the subduction interface. Under these assumptions, detailed studies of HP/UHP rocks can provide cons ...
... (e.g., Spear, 1993), the HP/UHP rocks can be regarded as passive markers of continental subduction and their P-T-t paths can be used for reconstruction of subduction dynamics and of the conditions at the subduction interface. Under these assumptions, detailed studies of HP/UHP rocks can provide cons ...
Dynamical geochemistry of the mantle
... The second argument is that seismic tomography detects subducted lithosphere extending from surface subduction zones through the transition zone and deep into the lower mantle (Grand et al., 1997). The associated mass flow implies that a compositional difference would be removed within less than a b ...
... The second argument is that seismic tomography detects subducted lithosphere extending from surface subduction zones through the transition zone and deep into the lower mantle (Grand et al., 1997). The associated mass flow implies that a compositional difference would be removed within less than a b ...
Exploring Geology: What-To-Know List
... Explain how qualitative data differ from quantitative data. Describe several types of quantitative data that geologists use. Describe what density is, how it is calculated, and how it differs from weight. 2.6 How Do Geologists Refer to Rates and Time? Calculate a rate and give an example of ...
... Explain how qualitative data differ from quantitative data. Describe several types of quantitative data that geologists use. Describe what density is, how it is calculated, and how it differs from weight. 2.6 How Do Geologists Refer to Rates and Time? Calculate a rate and give an example of ...
2.03 Sampling Mantle Heterogeneity through Oceanic Basalts
... (REE) abundances, it became clear that not only some particular parent–daughter element abundance ratios but also the light-to-heavy REE ratios of the Earth’s mantle are quite heterogeneous. The interpretation of these heterogeneities has occupied mantle geochemists since the 1960s. This chapter is ...
... (REE) abundances, it became clear that not only some particular parent–daughter element abundance ratios but also the light-to-heavy REE ratios of the Earth’s mantle are quite heterogeneous. The interpretation of these heterogeneities has occupied mantle geochemists since the 1960s. This chapter is ...
Mechanisms of continental subduction and exhumation of HP and
... dynamics and thermo-mechanical properties of oceanic and continental subduction zones (e.g., Yamato et al., 2007, 2008; Li and Gerya, 2009). However, both, the mechanisms of continental convergence and of exhumation of HP/UHP material are still very much in debate, and the ideas on the interpretatio ...
... dynamics and thermo-mechanical properties of oceanic and continental subduction zones (e.g., Yamato et al., 2007, 2008; Li and Gerya, 2009). However, both, the mechanisms of continental convergence and of exhumation of HP/UHP material are still very much in debate, and the ideas on the interpretatio ...
the Zero Paradox Noble Gas Mantle
... reservoir supplies mid ocean ridge volcanism. In this model plumes feed intraplate volcanism from the deep mantle and sample a more volatile rich and less depleted portion of the mantle. The boundary between these reservoirs has often been assumed to be at 670 km, where either a chemical boundary, o ...
... reservoir supplies mid ocean ridge volcanism. In this model plumes feed intraplate volcanism from the deep mantle and sample a more volatile rich and less depleted portion of the mantle. The boundary between these reservoirs has often been assumed to be at 670 km, where either a chemical boundary, o ...
Fig. 1 - Durham University Community
... Modern theories of petrogenesis owe much to the ability to analyze rare earth elements (REEs) in rocks and their applications (e.g., Frey et al., 1968; Hanson, 1980). The power of REEs lies in the fact that under geological conditions all the naturally occurring 14 of these elements, except for Eu a ...
... Modern theories of petrogenesis owe much to the ability to analyze rare earth elements (REEs) in rocks and their applications (e.g., Frey et al., 1968; Hanson, 1980). The power of REEs lies in the fact that under geological conditions all the naturally occurring 14 of these elements, except for Eu a ...
Geomorphology
Geomorphology (from Greek: γῆ, ge, ""earth""; μορφή, morfé, ""form""; and λόγος, logos, ""study"") is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical or chemical processes operating at or near the earth's surface. Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform history and dynamics and to predict changes through a combination of field observations, physical experiments and numerical modeling. Geomorphology is practiced within physical geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology, archaeology and geotechnical engineering. This broad base of interests contributes to many research styles and interests within the field.