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BIOCHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 – MODERN BIOLOGY 3-1: CARBON COMPOUNDS • CARBON IS ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE !!! • Carbon helps to build most essential compounds • Carbon’s structure – readily makes 4 covalent bonds DIFFERENT CARBON BOND SHAPES • Branched chains Straight Chains Rings ORGANIC V. INORGANIC Organic Compounds: contains the element carbon 4 Types: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins Most of these are found in foods you eat. Inorganic Compounds: DO NOT contain carbon HCl (acid), Sodium chloride (table salt) EXCEPTIONS: CO, CO2 Organisms contain many inorganic compounds as well as organic compounds. MACROMOLECULES • Monomer – building block of a macromolecule • Polymer – large molecule made of monomers • Example: Amino acids (Mono) build Proteins (Poly) CARBON BASED LIFE • All life is carbon based! • But why?? • WRITE/PAIR/SHARE • In 2 lines, explain why carbon is the basis for all life on Earth. This was in the Crash Course video! IPADS & MOLYMODS • Groups are going to be split between 2 activities • iPad----Launch “Molecules” app and follow instructions in packet • Molymods----Will follow instructions on page 2, be sure to read everything before doing anything! EXIT TICKET • In 2 lines, explain why carbon is able to make so many different shapes/compounds…think ELECTRONS!!! Carbon is a “tramp”…. CONDENSATION REACTION (DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS) • Build molecules • Water is produced as a byproduct because an H+ and an OH- is removed (makes H20!) HYDROLYSIS REACTION • Break down molecules • Water is split to break molecules apart CARBOHYDRATES An energy-rich organic compound C, H, O Examples: sugars, starches MONOMERS: monosaccharides MORE ABOUT CARBS Plants make sugars during the food-making process. Sugar molecules can combine to form large molecules: Starches – plants stored energy Complex carbohydrates You take in carbohydrates from your food (potatoes, pasta, rice and bread) In your body: Starch glucose (cellular energy) Carbohydrates make up essential parts of cell walls and cell membranes LIPIDS Energy-rich organic compounds C, H, O Found as part of many foods MONOMERS: fatty acids & glycerol MORE ABOUT YO FATS Cells store energy in lipids for later use. Cell membranes are made mainly of lipids. MO’ FATS • Examples in living things include: • • • • • oils (triglycerides) waxes Steroids Sterols (like cholesterols) Phospholipids • NOT SOLUBLE IN WATER! PROTEINS Large organic molecules C, H, O, N (sometimes S) Found in meat, eggs, fish, nuts & beans. MONOMERS: amino acids GET ME SOME PROTEIN Structure of Proteins: 20 different amino acids Combined in numerous ways to form MILLIONS of proteins Number, order and type of amino acid determines the protein DNA directs proteins Function of Proteins: Much of the structure of cells is made up of proteins. Proteins form parts of cell membranes and make up many organelles within the cell. ENZYMES A.K.A FANCY PROTEINS Speeds up a chemical reactions in a living thing Without enzymes: Would either take too long or not occur at all. Lock & Key Theory – Substrate (chemical it works on) has a specific shape to fit into a specific enzyme ENZYMES • -generally end in “-ASE” • PEPSIN IS ONE EXCEPTION: PEPSIN IN STOMACH ACID *LIMITED BY pH, TEMPERATURE, and CONCENTRATION LEVELS THEY DON’T ALWAYS WORK! THERE ARE RANGES NUCLEIC ACIDS Very long organic molecules C, H, O, N, P Contain the instructions cells need to carry out all the functions of life. MONOMER = NUCLEOTIDE Two kinds of nucleic acids: DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid The genetic material that carries information about an organism. DNA is inherited from parents Directs all of the cells (and organism) functions Parts of a Nucleotide: - 5 Carbon Sugar - nitrogen base - phosphate groups RNA RiboNucleic Acid Responsible for the production of proteins. Found in the nucleus and the cytoplasm Three types of RNA: a. Ribosomal RNA: Makes up ribosomes. b. Transfer RNA: Carries amino acids to the ribosome c. Messenger RNA: (DNA to mRNA) carries DNA’s message to the ribosome